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Why is it concern when

frogs reproduce?
If it occurs too early, during the wet, rainy
season, their egg masses may wash away. If
it is too late there might not be enough time
to grow before their pool dries up.

What is the development


of smolts like?
Smolts are reared in the summer, growing
during winter, and migrate in the spring. If it
is too dry, you might have to capture them,
and move them downstream.

What happens when you


add carbon to hydrogen?
CH4, Methane is the result.

What is present in a
basic condition?
CO3

What affect will a


limestone substrate do to
PH readings?
It will give false readings. Limestone
dissolved in water is basic. Even if you
placed battery acid in the water, you would
still get neutral readings at best.

When is CO2 present?


Under acidic condition.

When is HCO3- present?


In a neutral condition.

Why be concerned about


pH?
Because pH is a measure of hydrgoen
concentration. Also pH can change the
solubility of certain metals. For example,
aluminum is normally non-toxic. In an acidic
environment, the aluminum will go into
solution and become toxic?

Why is changing the pH


a concern for living
things.
An alteration of pH can disrupt membranes,
like those of a fish's gills, and might affect
salt/water and osmosis.

How does substrate type


affect acid precipitation?
If the substrate is something like granite
instead of limestone and acid rain occurs,
there is no buffering, and metals will become
corroded. toxic lakes can occur.

What happens when you


burn nitrogen?
You get acid rain.

What is eutrophication?
An increase in either more inputs of
nutrients or pollutants.

What is cultural
eutrophication?
An input of nutrients or pollution caused by
human beings, and unlike natural
eutrophication may be reversible.

What are some notable


morphological
differences to an older
lake?
An older lake is more shallow.
An older lake tends to be more productive.
When a lake is too old the bottom may die.
When recycling slows, there is less
productivity.

Compare a fast stream


to a slow stream, which
will have more
productivity and why?
Fast moving streams tend to not have
much recycling. Slow moving streams tend
to have much more recycling because there
are more ponds.

What are non-point


sources?
Things like fertilizers, sediments runoff from
vineyards, and storm drains from cities. It
also might include copper that comes from
brakepads, as well as dirt from creeks.

What is the "first flush"?


When the first rains flush the accumulated
non-point sources. It is worse because it is
just enough to move the accumulated filth to
the drains, but not enough to dilute them.

Non-point sources aren't


easy to control.

you had lots of gill


surface, what does it
mean for tolerating
differences in dissolved
oxygen levels?
Means that you are tolerant of dissolved
oxygen levels, but are vulnerable to toxins.

What would the


presence of stoneflies
indicate?
Good water quality.

What would the


presence of blackfly or
caddisfly indicate about
water quality?
At least moderate water quality.

What would the


presence of mayflies
indicate?
An indicator of good water quality.

Why is a measurement
of nitrate not a good
indicator of nitrogen
levels?
Because nitrate (NO3 -) is mostly oxygen.
Likewise phosphate is not an indicator of
phosphorus levels.

Where does most


phosphorus come from?
Detergents.

Increase salinity, what


happens to conductivity?
Conductivity goes up with an increase in
salinity.

If nitrogen is a limiting
factor, who is at an
advantage?
Rooted aquatic plants, because they have
roots that extend down to access more
nutrients.

Is it possible to get 106%


oxygen saturation?
Yes, if there is a wind to mix oxygen, and a
lot of photosynthesis.

How we deal with


sewage is different than
storm drains. There are
no separate channels.

What is the problem with


raw sewage?
If there is no oxygen, anerboic bacteria will
take over, and methane will be produced.

If you are in a saltwater


environment, what limits
plant growth?
Light and ammonia (highly toxic) teritery
treatement involves the removal of
ammonia, which kills fish and takes up
oxygen .

Reading a suci dish


should be done in the
shade so that there is no
glare.

If a lake is green, then


there probably isn't a lot
of sediment.

Where would you get


excess nitrogen?
Bird droppings.

Where would you find


zooplankton?
Surfacing at night, because they are prey to
fish during the day.

What is responsible for


the dark stuff at the
bottom?
Hydrogen Sulfide.

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