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Fruit
Liquids
places
Languages
blue
Banana
Milk
Batgram
Spanish
Red
Apple
Yellow
Orange
Green
Grape
Water
coffer
Tea
Arabic
Urdu
English
Karachi
Islamabad
Jhelum
For example
Eagle , sparrow and Robins are kinds of Birds.
Shark, salmon and tuna are kind of fish.
Dogs, horses and elephants are kind of
mammals.
Parts of speech
Parts of
speech
Semantic words
(Carry Meanings)
1-Noun
2-Adjectives
3-verbs
4-adverbs
Functional words
(perform useful job
to complete
meaning)
5-Determiners
including articles
6-Pronoun
7-Conjunctions
8-Preposition
1-Noun
Any naming words , identity words.
This part of a speech refers to words that are used to name
persons, things, animals, places, ideas, or events.
Sarah is very versatile.
The italicized noun refers to a name of a person.
Cats can be extremely cute.
In this example, the italicized word is considered a noun because it
names an animal.
It is my birthday.
The word birthday is a noun which refers to an event.
silence is the best answer.
Silence is an idea.
2-Pronoun
A pronoun is a part of a speech which
functions as a replacement for a noun. Some
examples of pronouns are: I, it, he, she,
mine, his, hers, we, they, theirs, and ours.
Sample Sentence
Sarah is a very stubborn child. She just
stared at me when I told her to stop.
Types of pronoun
1. Personal Pronoun
2. Possessive Pronoun
3. Reflexive Pronoun
4. Relative Pronoun
5. Demonstrative Pronoun
6. Interrogative pronoun
7. Reciprocal pronoun
8. Indefinite pronoun
Personal pronoun
Personal pronouns represent specific people or
things. We use personal pronouns in place of the
person or people that we are talking about. We use
them depending on:
Number: singular (e.g. I) or plural (e.g. we)
Person: 1st person (e.g. I), 2nd person (e.g. you) or
3rd person (e.g. he)
Gender: male (e.g.: he), female (e.g.: she) or neuter
(e.g.: it)
Case: subject (e.g.: we) or object (e.g.: us)
Possessive Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
"Demonstrative" means "showing, making something clear."
Demonstrative pronouns point to things. The demonstrative pronouns are:
this, that, these, those.
Use "this" and "these" to talk about things that are near in space or in time.
Use "that" and "those" to talk about things that are farther away in space
or time.
Example:
This cannot go on.
That was beautiful!
He wanted those, but decided to compromise on these.
Reflexive Pronouns
"Reflexive" means "going back to itself."
Reflexive pronouns show that the action affects the person
who performs the action.
Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves"
(plural).
The reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself,
herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.
Example sentences:
He cuthimselfwhile shaving.
I sentmyselfto bed.
He could hurthimself!
We must helpourselves.
She trustsherself.
Relative Pronouns
"Relative" means "connected with something."
Relative pronouns are pronouns that link different parts of a sentence.
The relative pronouns are: who, whom, which, that, whoever, etc.
Examples sentences:
The girl who called yesterday came to see you.
The teacher whom you wrote has answered your questions.
She lives in Kiev, which is the capital city of Ukraine.
I really liked the book that you gave me.
Interrogative Pronouns
"Interrogative" means "used in questions."
Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. The interrogative
pronouns are
who, whom, which, what, whoever, whatever, etc.
Use "who" and "whom" to talk about people.
Use "which" and "what" to talk about animals, places and things.
Example sentences:
Who is your father?
Whom did you speak to?
Which bag did you buy?
What are my choices?
Reciprocal Pronouns
Reciprocal means that two people or groups do the same thing to each other.
They treat each other in the same way.
For example, Joe loves Kate, and Kate loves Joe. So we can say, "Kate and Joe
love each other."
Another example: Mike helps Lucy, and Lucy helps Mike. So we can say, "Mike
and Lucy help each other."
There are two reciprocal pronouns in English:
Each other and one another.
The cat and the dog like each other.
The two politicians hate each other.
We must stop fighting one another.
They can't hear one another.
Indefinite Pronouns
"Indefinite" means "not exact, not limited."
Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that do not refer to any specific
person or thing.
Examples:
Anything, everybody, another, each, few, many, none, some.
Example sentences:
Many have died during the war.
Can anyone call her?
Everybody wants to see you.
Something can be done to help.
Adjective
This part of a speech is used to describe a noun or a
pronoun.
Examples:
Big, pretty, expensive, green, round, French, loud, quick, fat.
Example sentences:
He has big blue eyes.
The new car broke down.
The old lady was talking in a quiet voice.
Descriptive Adjective
or
Adjective of Quality
Descriptive adjectives are the most numerous of the different types of
adjectives. These adjectives describe nouns that refer to action
State
quality (careless, dangerous, excited, sad, black, white, big, small, long,
fat, English, Mediterranean, three-cornered).
dangerous chemicals
green vegetables
a square box
a big house
a tall tree
a cold morning
a true story
English language
Adjectives of Number
or
Adjectives of Quantity
Demonstrative Adjective
A demonstrative adjective (this, that, these, those) shows
the noun it modifies is singular or plural and whether the
position of the noun is near or far from the person who is
speaking or writing.
A demonstrative adjective also points out a fact about the
noun.
This red balloon is mine and those three yellow ones are
yours.
This cute baby is his brother. That cute baby is his sister.
These two fat cats have tails, but that thin cat doesnt have
a tail.
Possessive adjective
A possessive adjective expresses possession
of a noun by someone or something.
Possessive adjectives are the same as
possessive pronouns
Comparative
bigger
Superlative
big
Biggest
Heavy
Heavier
Heaviest
Many
More
Most
Superlative Adjectives
Superlative is the highest degree of a thing in
comparison to other things. A superlative
adjective means that a object is surpassing all others
(things in comparison) in quality or characteristic.
For example
John Bills Gate is the richest person in world.
Brunel is the most beautiful hotel in England.
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in world.
Hannan is the most intelligent student in his class.
Interjection
An interjection is a short sound, word or phrase used
to express the speaker's emotion.
Examples:
Oh! Look out! Ow! Hey! Wow! Ah! Um...
Example sentences:
Wow, that's amazing!
Ah, that was a good meal.
Um... I'm not sure what to say.
Oh dear! What happened?
Hello! How are you doing?
Well, that's an option to
Conjunction
Conjunction is the word that joins (conjoin) words,
group of words, different part of sentences and
clauses.
It works like a glue, it helps words to stick together.
And
Either/or
Neither/nor
But
Or
Types of conjunctions
There are basically two types of conjunctions
-Coordinating conjunctions
-Subordinating conjunctions
-Conjunctions sometime work in pair and are
called correlative conjunctions.
- Conjunction adverbs are also frequently used
to provide logical connection in sentences.
Coordinating conjunctions
Connect words, phrases and independent clauses.
They are seven in numbers used as FANBOYS.
When to use coordinating conjunctions
---To communicate addition- and
I like popcorn and pizza.
---to communicate contrast- but, yet
I want popcorn but not pizza.
It was not costume party, yet many came dressed as
literally villains. (yet joins two indp clauses)
More
Consequently
He only wears brown shoe; consequently he does not use
white socks.
(Two independent clauses)
However
The shoes were not good; however, they were leather.
Indeed
Moreover
Nevertheless
Then
Therefore
Subordinating Conjunctions
These conjunctions are used to express a relation
between dependent and an independent clause.
Dep clause . Indp clause
--Regarding time (after, before, since, once and
until, when , whenever, while )
--to communicate reason/cause (as, because, since)
--to communicate condition (if, even if, unless)
--to communicate contrast (although, even thought)
--Regarding location (where , wherever)
--Regarding a choice (Than, Whether)
Correlative
conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are two separate conjunctions that are often in
Conjunctive adverbs
Conjunctive adverbs provide connections and
transition that clarify or limit the meaning of
words.
They can appear anywhere in sentence. They
should be followed by a comma and, when in the
middle of a sentence , preceded by a semi colon.
I was tired; consequently, I went to bed.
Therefore communicates a result and is preceded by
a semicolon because it is in the middle of sentence.
Verb
Every sentence has two parts
Subject
Predicate
The key word in predicate is verb, the verb tells
what subject of sentence is, has or feels.
Verb tells about
Action (kill, go , send)
State (is , am, are)
Occurrence ( happened)
Action verbs
Action verbs are words that express action
or (give , take , go) or possession (has, have,
own).
It can be physical or mental.
Action verb can be
Transitive
Intransitive
Transitive verbs
A transitive verb always has a noun that
receives the action of the verb, known as
direct object.
Sarah raises her hand.
The verb raises, her hand is the object
receiving that action. Therefore , raises is a
transitive verb.
Transitive verbs
Sometime verbs have indirect object, which
name the object to whom or for whom the
action was done.
Sarah gave jack the pencil.
The verb is gave, direct object is pencil
(what did he give ? Pencil)
The indirect object is jack,
(to whom did he give?jack)
Intransitive verb
An intransitive verb never has a direct or
indirect object. Although an intransitive
verb may be followed by an adverb or
adverbial phrase , there is no action to
receive its action.
Sarah raises slowly from a chair.
Verb raises
Slowly modifies the verb, but no object
receives an action.
Linking verbs
Linking verbs connects the subject of a sentence to a
noun or adjectives that renames or describes the
subject. The noun or adjective is called subject
compliment.
Jack became a business manager.
Became is verb that links the subject with its
compliment.
Am
be
is
seem
was
Being
were
Are
Become
Helping verb
Helping verbs are used before action or linking verbs
to convey additional information regarding aspects
of possibility (can, could, etc.) or time (was, did, has,
etc.). The main verb with its accompanying helping
verb is called a verb phrase.
Tajo is (helping verb) going (main verb) to Quetta .
The trip might (helping verb) be (main verb)
dangerous.
Auxiliary verb
Adverb
Adverbs describe verbs and modify adjectives
and other adverbs.
Adverbs, unlike adjectives, do not modify
nouns.
Adverbs can also modify phrases, clauses, and
sentences.
Adverbs answer one of the following questions:
When? Where? Why? How? Under what
conditions? and To what extent?
Examples
The teacher had to speak loudly to be heard
over the children. (Loudly modifies the verb
speak.)
The children were really bad during the movie.
(Really modifies the adjective bad.)
John approached the wounded dog very slowly.
(Very modifies the adverb slowly.)
Clearly, Sarah did not understand the
directions. (Clearly modifies the sentence.)
The box is still below the stairs. (Still modifies
the phrase below the stairs.)
Types of Adverbs
Adverbs of Time
An adverb of time answers the question When?
Adverbs of time include: after, always, before,
during, early, later, never, now, often, rarely,
recently, sometimes, soon, then, today, tomorrow,
usually, yesterday, etc.
Example:
John will attend the football match after he finishes
his homework.
(After answers the question: When will John attend
the soccer game?)
An Adverb of Manner
Answers the question How? Adverbs of
manner include: badly, beautifully, better,
bravely, cheerfully, fast, hard, quickly,
slowly, inadequately, healthy, well, etc.
Example: Sarah slowly walked over the
rocky beach. (Slowly answers the question:
How did Sarah walk?)
Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of Degree
An adverb of degree answers the question How much?
It describes the strength and intensity at which
something happens.
Adverbs of degree include: almost, completely,
enough, entirely, extremely, hardly, just, little, much,
nearly, quite, rather, very, too, etc.
Example:
John worked very hard to complete his part of the
project. (Very answers the question: How hard did
John work?)
Adverbs of Frequency
An adverb of frequency answers the question
How often?
Adverbs of frequency include: always, never,
usually, frequently, occasionally, rarely, seldom,
sometimes, etc.
Example: Bob always forgets to check his email
before class begins. (Before answers the question:
How often does Bob forget to check his email?)
Preposition
A preposition is a word (often a short word) that
expresses the relationship between two other
nearby words. In the examples, preposition shows
us the relationship between the wordbookand the
word author.
The bookaboutthe author.
The bookbythe author.
Role
A preposition precedes anoun(or apronoun) to
show the noun's (or the pronoun's) relationship to
another word in the sentence. In the examples
above, the preposition preceded the nounauthor to
show that noun's relationship with the nounbook.
Thetypesofprepositionare
asfollows:
1.Prepositionfor
2.Prepositionfor
3.Prepositionfor
4.Prepositionfor
Time
Place
Direction
Agent
1. Time of clock
e.g. at 5 Oclock, at 7:30 PM
2. Short and precise time
e.g. at noon, at sunset, at lunch time, at bed time, at the
moment, at the same time
Examples.
He was bornin1945.
She will go to New Yorkon25th of
March.
The concert will beginat7 Oclock.
He gets upearlyinthe morning.
We enjoyed a lotinthe summer.
The president will deliver speech to
publiconIndependence Day.
She received a lot giftsonher
birthday.
Where were youatthe lunchtime?
I will call youat12 A.M
Preposition
Place Nature
In
On
Surface of something.
Examples.
On a table
On blackboard
On a page
On the wall
On the roof
On a map
Examples
Shelivesin New York.
Students studyinlibrary.
The wedding ceremony will be
heldinthe hall.
There are some booksonthe table.
The teacher wrote a
sentenceonblackboard.
He was flying kiteonthe roof.
Her parents were waiting for heratthe
entrance of school
There was a huge gatheringatbus
stop.
His house isatthe end of street.