What enzymes

do ?
Enzymes are an
organic proteins
(chemical
compounds)
which are found
in all living
things.
Enzymes
increase the rate

What enzymes
do ?
Thousands of
cell metabolism
occurring in the
cells cytoplasm
would make sure
the cell continue
to live.
Cell
metabolism :-

Biochemical reaction in living

organisms cells is also known as

What enzymes do ?
During food digestion
carbohydrate (Starch) is broken
down to glucose in the presence of
specific enzyme.

What are enzymes ?

Substrat
e

Product/
s

Enzymes are biological catalyst

that regulate all cellular
metabolisms.
They perform an action, but do
not become part of the action.

The general characteristics of

enzyme :
Enzymes speed up the rate of
reaction.
Enzymes perform an action, but do
not become part of the action.
Enzymes will not be destroyed or
used up by the reactions they
catalyze.
Enzymes are needed in a small
quantities.

The general characteristics of

enzyme :
Each enzyme has a specific site
called the active site to bind to a
particular substrate.
Enzymes are highly specific to a
substrate.

Only specific substrate can bind to

the active site of an enzyme.
The active site has a distinctive
shape to complement with its
substrate.
(3-dimensional shape)

The mechanism of enzyme action

can be explained by using the Lock
and Key hypothesis.
The substrate represents the key
while the enzyme represents the
lock.

The enzyme catalyses the

breakdown of substrate to form
products.
Once the chemical reaction is
finished, the products are released

Factors affecting enzymatic

activity
:
Temperature
The activity of enzymes is strongly
affected by changes in
temperature.

Temperature
At low
temperature
enzymatic
activity is very
low.
Enzymatic
activity
increases as
temperature
increases.
Max enzymatic

From 0oC
40oC :
enzymatic
activity is

Temperature
Temperature coefficient, Q10
= Rate of reaction at (x + 10)oC
Rate of reaction at xoC

Temperature increase heat

increase Substrate molecules
move faster Chances of substrate
molecules to bump to enzyme
molecule increase enzymatic
activity increase.

What happen if the temperature

exceeds the optimum temperature?
Why ?

Enzymatic activity starts to

decrease.
Why ?

Enzyme lost its 3 dimensional shape

What is the optimum temperature

for enzymes in human body?

pH
At low pH
enzymatic
activity is very
low.
Enzymatic
activity
increases as
Most
enzymes
work
best
at
a
pH
pH value
of 6-8.
increases.
When the pH is outside this range
the enzyme will lose its shape and
become denatured.

Substrate
concentration
At low substrate
concentration
enzymatic
activity is low.
Enzymatic
activity
increases as
substrate
concentration
increases.

Substrate
concentration
Rate of
reaction /
enzyme
activity is
proportional to
substrate
concentration
until the point
of saturation is
reached.

Point of saturation is reached when

all the active sites on enzyme are
fully occupied by the substrate
molecules.
How to increase the rate of reaction

Enzyme
concentration
The higher the
enzyme
concentration the
higher the rate of
reaction until
substrate
How to increase
concentration
the rate of
becomes the
reaction ?
By
adding
more
limiting
factor.
substrate the
rate of reaction
can be increased.

An enzyme activity can be slowed down

or hampered by the presence of
inhibitors such as mercury and lead.
Inhibitor can bind either on the active

The binding of an inhibitor can stop a

substrate from entering the enzyme's
active site or change the structure of
the active site.
This would hinder the enzyme from

If the inhibitor binds to the active site of

an enzyme, it is known as competitive
inhibitor.

If the inhibitor binds to the alosteric

part of an enzyme, it is known as the
Noncompetitive inhibitor.

An enzyme activity can be enhanced by

the presence of cofactor such as ferum
and copper.