EE 552/452, Spring, 2008

Wireless Communications
(and Networks)
Zhu Han
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Class 26
May 6th, 2008

GSM System Architecture

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GSM interface

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GSM Network Structure

OMC

MSC/VLR
BSC

BIE
BTS

Abis

PSTN
ISDN
PSPDN

MSC/VLR

BSS
C
Um

HLR/
AUC

MS

EIR

SC/VM
MSS

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Mobile Station ( MS )

Equipment used by mobile service subscribers for

access to services.

Mobile Equipment
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Mobile stations are not fixed to one subscriber. A subscriber is
identified with the SIM card.

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Base Transceiver Station ( BTS )

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Wireless transmission
Wireless diversity

Wireless channel encryption

Conversion between wired and wireless signals
Frequency Hopping

BaseBand Unit:
voice and data speed adapting and channel coding

RF Unit:
modulating/demodulating, transmitter and receiver

Common Control Unit:

BTS operation and maintenance
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Base Station Controller ( BSC )

Managing

Wireless network-BSS

Monitoring

BTS

Controls:

Wireless link distribution between MS and BTS

Communication connection and disconnection
MS location, handover and paging
Voice encoding, transecoding (TC), rate, adaptation,
The operation and maintenance functions of BSS.

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Mobile Service Switching Center ( MSC )

holds all the switching functions

manages the necessary radio resources,

updating the location registration
carrying out the inter-BSC and inter-MSC tender

Inter-working with other networks (IWF).

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Home Location Register ( HLR )

Manages the mobile subscribers database

subscriber information

part of the mobile location information

3 identities essential
the International Mobile subscriber Identity
the Mobile station ISDN Number
the visitor location register (VLR) address

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Visitor Location Register ( VLR )

Dynamically stores subscriber information needed to handle

incoming/outgoing calls

Mobile Station Roaming Number

When a roaming mobile enters an MSC area. This MSC
warns
the associated VLR of this situation; the mobile enters
a
registration procedure through which it is assigned a
mobile
subscriber roaming number (MSRN)

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity, if applicable

The location area in which the mobile has been registered

Data related to supplementary service parameters

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AUC/EIR

Authentication Center(s) (AUC)

Providing the authentication key used for authorizing the
subscriber access to the associated GSM PLMN.

Equipment Identity Register(s) (EIR)

Handling Mobile Station Equipment Identity

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Overview: Function Layers of GSM-1

S ervice carrie r

O AM

Subsc riber
CM
MM
RR

Tran smissi on

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Protocol Stack Structure of GSM

MS

BTS

BSC

M SC

CM

CM

MM
RR

RR

LAPDm

BTSM

LAP Dm LAPD
Um

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RR

BS SAP

MM
BS SAP

BTSM

SCCP

SCCP

MTP3

MT P3

MTP2

MT P2

LAPD
Abis

TDMA
Concept:

channel is composed of a series of timeslots of periodicity.

Different signal energies are distributed into different timeslots.
The adjacent channel interference is restricted by connection
choosing from time to time. So the useful signal is passed only in
the specified timeslot.

GSM adopts TDMA/FDMA modetime

channel width: 200KHz,
each channel has 8 timeslots

User 3
User 2
User 1
Frequency

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GSM Timeslot and Frame structure

Frequency

200KHz

time

BP

15/26ms
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interval

GSM Spec

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Frequency Resource
GSM900 :
up: 890~915MHz
down: 935~960MHz
duplex interval: 45MHz
bandwidth: 25MHz
frequency interval: 200KHz

GSM1800 :
up: 1710-1785MHz
down: 1805-1880MHz
duplex interval: 95MHz
working bandwidth: 75MHz
frequency interval: 200KHz

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EGSM900 :
up: 880~890MHz
down: 925~935MHz
duplex interval: 45MHz
bandwidth: 10MHz
frequency interval: 200KHz
GSM1900MHz:
up:1850~1910MHz
down:1930~1990MHz
duplex interval: 80MHz
working bandwidth:
60MHz
frequency interval: 200KHz

Frequency Resource
General Priority

Single Band Network

Which one?

900MHz

High

1800MHz
1900MHz

Low

New Operator
Reason

Propagation
Characteristic
For Operator
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For Subscriber

Single Band Network

Single Band

900MHz

Dual Band

1800MHz

Triple Band

1900MHz

In a sense, the network determines the handsets

can be selected.
But nowadays, most handsets support dual
band.
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Single Band Network

Cell coverage radius :
Weknow
Propagation characteristic
The higher the propagation
frequency
The higher the propagation loss
The smaller the cell coverage radius.
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900MHz
1800MHz
1900MHz

Timeslot and Frame structure

1 super high frame = 2048 super frame = 2715648 TDMA frame
0

SACCH/TCH
FACCH

2044

2045

2046

1 super frame = 1326 TDMA frame 6.12s

0

47

48
24

49

50

2047
BCCH
CCCH
SDCH

25

1 multiplex frame = 26 TDMA frames 120ms 1 multiplex frame = 51 TDMA frame

0

24

25

1 TDMA frame = 8 timeslot 120/26 = 4.615ms

0

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49

50

GSM Frame

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Control Channel Frame

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Time Slot Data Bursts

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GSM Frame Structure

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Physical Channel

The physical channel adopts FDMA and TDMA techs. On the time domain,
a specified channel occupies the same timeslots in each TDMA frame, so it
can be identified by the timeslot number and frame number.

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

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GSM Speech

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GSM Speech

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Channel Type-Summary
14.4Kbit/s FR TCH (TCH/F14.4)
9.6Kbit/s FR TCH(TCH/F9.6)
Data CH
TCH
Voice CH

4.8Kbit/s FR TCH (TCH/F4.8)

4.8Kbit/s HR TCH (TCH/H4.8)
FR Voice Traffic Channel (TCH/FS)
Enhanced FR Traffic Channel (TCH/EFR)
HR Traffic Channel (TCH/HS)

channel
BCH
CCH

CCCH

DCCH

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FCCH (down)
SCH (down)
BCCH (down)
RACH (up)
AGCH (down)
PCH (down)
SDCCH
FACCH
SACCH

Channel Type

Traffic Channel
Transmit voice and data

Signaling Channel
transmit the signaling and synchronous data between BTS and MS.

BCH :
Frequency Correction CHannel FCCH
-- for MS error correction
Synchronous Channel SCH)
-- for MS frame synchronization and BTS recognization
Broadcasting Control CHannel BCCH
-- broadcasting information(cell selection information, etc..)

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Channel Type
DCCH

Self-help Dedicated Control Channel SDCCH

for channel distribution information transmission
Slow Associated Control Channel SACCH

combined with one traffic channel or SDCCH, to

transmit
some
specific
information
of
user
information

Fast Associated Control Channel FACCH

combined with one traffic channel, taking the same

signal as SDCCH. It occupies the service channel to
transmit signaling information.

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Cell Mode Layout

Omni-directional cell
Adopt omni-directional antenna
the overall directional propagation
characteristic is the same.
Directional cell
In general, cell with multi-sector is in
common use. Every directional cell
adopts directional antenna.

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BTS Mode

Capacity
When the traffic is very low, and no possibility for quick
increment, Omni-directional cell is used in common. Otherwise,
we suggest to adopt the sector cell.

Note: TRX-transceiver,each TRX handles 1 frequency.

Coverage Area
Sector cell is often used to enlarge the cell coverage radius
because of the higher antenna gain.
For special coverage ,such as road coverage, two-sector cell is
adopted firstly.

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System capacity

Erlang :
the traffic intensity of a totally occupied channel (i.e. the call hour
of a unit hour or the call minute of a unit minute). For example,
the traffic of a channel occupied for 30 minutes in an hour is 0.5
Erlang)

GOS:
defined as the probability of call blocking or the probability when
the call delay time is longer than a given queuing time.

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Reasons for Interference

The transmission path is very complex, ranging from the simple line-ofsight transmission to encountering such terrain as buildings, hills and trees.
Wireless channels are extremely unpredictable.

Abrupt drop, or fading, of signal strength in the land mobile wireless

channel is quite common. The fading feature of the mobile channel depends
on the radio wave propagation environment.

Environmental factors:
Terrain (mountains, hills, plains, water bodies, etc.);
The quantity, heights, distribution and materials of buildings;
The vegetation of the region;
Weather conditions;
Natural and artificial electromagnetic noises;
Frequency;
How MS is moved.
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Interference

Co-Channel Interference
Conception: the interference among the signals of cochannel cells is called co-channel interference.
Result from : Frequency reuse
Reduction method: co-channel cells must physically be spaced at
a minimum interval to ensure adequate isolation of
transmissions.

Adjacent Channel Interference

Conception: The signal interference from the frequency adjacent
to that of the signal used is called
adjacent channel
interference.
Reduction method: accurate filtering and channel allocation
(maximizing channel intervals of the cell). Interval of frequency
reuse inter-cell interference, such as C/I, C/A
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Solution -Anti-interference

FH technology

Dynamic power control (DPC)

Discontinuous Transceiving (DTX)

Diversity receiving technique

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Frequency Hopping Technique

Reason:
counteract Rayleigh Fading
scatter interference among multiple calls

Types:
Base band frequency hopping

keeps the transmission and receiving frequency of each carrier

unit unchanged, but merely sends FU transmission data to
different carrier units at different FN moments.
radio frequency hopping

controls the frequency synthesizer of each transceiver, making

it hop according to different schemes in different time slots.

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Discontinuous Speech Transmission (DTX)

Two aims can be achieved by adopting DTX mode:

lower the total interference electric level in the air
save transmitter power.
TRAU

BTS

BTS

MS
480 ms

comfort noise frame

Speech frame

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Diversity Reception Technique

The multi-path propagation of radio signals causes

magnitude fading and delay time.
Space Diversity (antenna diversity)
Polarization Diversity

orthogonal polarization diversity.

horizontal polarization and vertical polarization.
Frequency Diversity

The working principle of this technology is that such

fading wont take place on the frequency outside the
coherence bandwidth of the channel.

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Frequency Reuse

4 3 reuse mode:
one group includes 3 sectors /site ,12 frequency which are
distributed to 4 sites. Every site owns 3 frequency.
D3
C1

A1
A2

C3
A1

C2
A3

B1
B2

D2

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D1
D2

B3
A1

C3
B2
D3
C1

C2

B1

C1

B3
A1

A2
C3

D2

A3
B1

C3

C2
D1
D2
A1

D3

Frequency Reuse

3 3 reuse mode:
one group includes 3 sectors /site ,9 frequency which are
distributed to 3 sites. Every site owns 3 frequency.
B3
C1

A1
A2

C3
A1

A3
B1

B2
A3

B2
C1
C2
B3

C1

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B3
A2
C3
A1

A2

A1

C1

A3
B1

B2
A3

B2

B3
C1

C3

C2
A1
A2
A1

A3

Numbering Arrangement

International Mobile Subscriber Identification number

(IMSI)

It identifies a unique international universal number of a

mobile subscriber, which consists of MCC+MNC+MSIN.
1) MCC: country code, 460
2 MNC: network code, 00 or 01
3 MSIN: subscriber identification, H1H2H3H4 9XXXXXX,
H1H2H3H4: subscriber registering place
H1H2: assigned by the P&T Administrative Bureau
(operator )to different provinces, to each province
H3H4: assigned by each province/city
the IMSI of user will be written into the SIM card by specific
device and software and be stored into the HLR with other
user information.

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Mobile Subscriber ISDN

Number MSISDN

It is the subscriber number commonly used. China uses the

TDMA independent numbering plan:

CC+NDC+ H1H2H3H4 +ABC

CC: country code, 86

NDC: network code, 135139, 130

H1H2H3H4: HLR identification code

ABCD: mobile subscriber number inside each HLR

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International Mobile Equipment Identification code (IMEI)

It will uniquely identify a mobile station. It is a decimal number

of 15 digits. Its structure is:

TAC+FAC+SNR+SP

TAC=model ratification code, 6 digits

FAC=factory assembling code, 2 digits

SNR=sequence code, 6 digits

SP=reserved, 1 digit

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Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number (MSRN)

The MSRN is temporarily distributed to the subscriber by the

VLR according to the request by the HLR when this subscriber
is called. The MSRN is released and can be assigned to other
subscriber later.

CC + NDC + 00 + M1M2M3 + ABC

CC: country code, 86
NDC: mobile network code, 135139, 130
M1M2: same as the H2H3 of MSISDN
ABC: 000 -- 999

Temporarily Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (TMSI)

To insure the IMSI security, the VLR will assign an unique TMSI
number for the accessed subscriber. It is used locally only and is a
4-byte TMSI number BCD code.
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Main Features Of IS-95 (cdmaone)

Modulation is performed using DSSS.

Employs variable rate coders.

Powerful low rate forward error-correcting codes.

Fast power control is employed to over come the near-far

problem.

Soft handoff is employed.

Qualcomm code excited linear predictive (QCELP): 13.4 kbps

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Frequency and Channel Spec

Reverse: 824-849MHz, forward: 869-894MHz; PCS version 18002000MHz

Data rate 9.6kb/s; chip rate 1.2288Mchips/s, spreading factor 128.

Power Control:

Close-loop/open-loop

Rake receiver;

Soft handoff

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Forward CDMA channel

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Spec

Convolution code . Repetition circuit depending on speech

Block interleaver

Long PN sequence:

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Power Control

Open Loop

Close Loop

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Orthogonal Covering and modulation

Walsh function: page 574

Quadrature modulation

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Uplink

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Reverse Link Spec

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CT2

CT2 is a cordless
telephony standard that
was used in the early
nineties to provide shortrange proto-mobile
phone service in some
countries in Europe. It is
considered the precursor
to the popular DECT
system.

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DECT

Digital Enhanced (formerly European) Cordless Telecommunications is

an ETSI standard for digital portable phones, commonly used for domestic
or corporate purposes. DECT can also be used for wireless data transfers.
DECT is recognised by the ITU as
fullfilling the IMT-2000
requirements and thus
qualifies as a 3G system,
as a part of the IMT-2000
group of technologies,

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DECT functional concept

Portable handset

Radio fixed part

Cordless controller

Network-specific
interface unit

Supplementary
services

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DEC spec

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PACS

type of wireless telephone network compatible with telephone sets,

answering machines, fax machines, and computers. A PACS can be used like
a local area network (LAN) with voice capability and can be part of a larger
network or can be connected into the telephone system.

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PACS Spec

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PACS Frame Structure

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Other issues

Pacific Digital Cellular: Japan, similar to IS-54

Personal Handyphone System: Japan, like DECT

Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band: Free

US PCS:

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Analog overview

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Digital Cordless

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2G

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PCS

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Term Project

For presentator
Presentation Clearness
Timing
Preparation for the slides
Do you study something
Ability to answer questions

For audience
Bonus on asking good questions

13 minutes + 2 minutes questions

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Final Comments

Final 60% why, why and why. 3 big questions. Control your
time.

Hope you can get something that can ring a bell to you
sometime in the future

Evaluation form: I would appreciate if you can fill. It is

important for me
https://coeneval.boisestate.edu/index.htm

If you get A, you can ask me for reference in the future.

After graduation, you will all be decent guys. Best wishes to

your career. After success, do not forget BSU.

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