Hisory of Public Health

History: Development of the Field
of Public Health
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History: Development of the Field of Public Health
Introduction
At each stage of human biological,

technological, and social evolution, man
coexisted with diseases
Adaptation of human society to the facing

daunting new challenges and balance with
the environment has been and remains a
central issue in health to the present time
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A history of public health is a history of

how;
population
experince health and illness
Econmic
and political systems create the

possibilities for healthy or unhealthy lives
Societies create the precondtions for the

production and transmssion of diseases
Peolple, both as individuals and as social

groups attempt to promote their own health
or avoid illness
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The history of public health is the evolution
of;
thinking
about health and

develop concepts and effective means of securing
health and preventing disease in the population
Public health evolved with trial and error on a

pragmatic/practical& realistic manner/ basis and
with expanding scientific medical knowledge
Often stimulated by war and natural disasters

including epidemic and endemic diseases
religious and culture repressed /reserved /scientific

investigation and spread of knowledge, including
development of public health
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What is the need to study history of public
health;
It provides a perspective /view point/to

recognize and understand the process of change
in order to be able to cope with changes that
occurs and will continue to occur in health needs
in the context of environmental, demographic
and societal changes
In order to face ahead emerging and re-emerge

challenges for health, understanding of the past
is important
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The ancient world practice( Before 5th century CE)
The medieval period (5thBC-AD15th centuries )
The Renaissance and Exploration (15001750)
John Graunt
Enlightenment, science, and revolution (17501830)
The plague pnadmic
Jenner and smallpox Vaccination
Social Reform and the Sanitary Movement (18301875)
Edwin Chadwick,
Lemuel Shattuck
Snow on Cholera
Germ Versus Miasma Theories
Bacteriological period of public health(1875-1950)
Pasteur, Cohn, Koch, and Lister
Enders, Salk and Sabin
Achievements of public health in the 20th century
Future challehges of public health
The Era of New Public Health
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Ancient Societies (Before 500 C.E)
Contributions of ancient society to the

development of Public health
Egyptian (3000 BC)
Chinese (2100 BC)
Indian-Indus (2000 BC)
Babylon (1700 BC)
Hammurabis code of conduct
Hebrew (1000 B.C)
Cretan and Minoan societies
Greece (500 BC)
Golden Age of ancient Greece (in the 6th & 5th centuries
B.C.)
Roman (400BC-AD 500)

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The Hebrew Mosaic Law

The Mosaic law in health is based on the
principles of;
Pikuah Nefesh (sanctity of life), and

Tikkun Olam (quality of life on Earth); overruling
religious and social roles life including health
the saving of a single human life was considered as if

one saved the whole world, with an ethical imperative
/vital or essential/to achieve a better earthly life for all
The Mosaic Law, codified health behaviors for the

individual and for society, all of which have continued
into the modern era as basic concepts in
environmental and social hygiene
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The Hebrew Mosaic Law of the five Books of
Moses (circa 1000 BCE) stressed prevention of
disease through regulation;
personal and community hygiene,
reproductive and maternal health (hygiene
of maternity),
isolation of lepers and other unclean
conditions, and,
family and personal sexual conduct as part
of religious practice
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Personal and community responsibility for
health included;
a mandatory day of rest
protection of water supplies
sanitation of communities and camps
waste disposal, and
food regulation(avoid use of diseased or
unclean animals) and protection
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Ancient Greece
Emphasis on healthful living habits in terms of
personal hygiene, nutrition, physical fitness,
and community sanitation
Preservation of health was seen as a balance

of forces:
exercise and rest,
nutrition and excretion, and
recognizing the importance of age and sex
in health needs
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Ancient Greece
Hippocrates(400 B.C) articulated that;
disease was seen as having natural causationrelationship between disease patterns and the
natural environment (Air, Water, and Places)
clinical methods of observation and a code
medical ethics which lasts to the present time
City officials were look after public drains,

water supply, providing free medical services
for the poor/salves and other public health
services
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Ancient Romans had

access to clean water via supplying water
sewage and drainage systems(sanitation)
public baths were built to serve the poor
organized garbage disposal served the cities
marshlands were drained to reduce malaria
threat
organized medical care
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Summary
Chinese, Egyptian, Hebrew, Indian, and Incan societies all

provided sanitary facilities as part of the religious belief system
and took measures to provide water, sewage, and drainage
systems
The ancient Greek and Mosaic traditions together with

subsequent social organizational philosophies of health provide
the basis for the scientific and ethical approaches of the modern
Public Health.
Chinese medicine (21st-11th B.C), Ayurvedic medicine in India

(400 B.C), Hippocrates in Greece (460377 B.C) and Galen in
Rome (AD 129199) and their followers were aware of the
influences of season, diet, the winds and lifestyle for individual
peoples health
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The medieval Period, 5th BC- AD15th centuries CE
Spiritual era of public health

the Christian doctrine dominated health as all
other spheres of human life
Interpretation of disease causation was
related to sin/wrong doing/
Mans destiny was to suffer on Earth and
hope for a better life in heaven
The idea of prevention was seen as
interfering with the Will of God
Disease causation as natural process (e. g.
smallpox as a normal process of
fermentation in the growing body)
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The plague Pandenic and public health role
The earliest account of plague epidemic is found

in I Samuel 5:6 of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh)
In this account, in second half of the 11 th century BC the

Philistines of Ashdod were stricken with a plague for the crime
of stealing the Ark of the Covenant from the Children of Israel
In the second year of the Peloponnesian War (431 to

404 BC BC), an epidemic disease which was said to
have begun in Ethiopia, passed through Egypt and
Libya, then come to the Greek world-Plague reported
beginning in Athens in 430 BC
Three great epidemics of plague occurred: The 1 st

began in A.D. 543, the 2nd 1348, and the last in 1664
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First Plague Pandemic: Plague of Justinian

(AD 541542)
The Plague of Justinian estimated to kill as many

as 100 million people in the world
Originated in China, spread to Africa from where

the huge city of Constantinople imported massive
grains
The grain ships were the source of contagion with

massive public stores/granaries nurturing the rat and
flea population
Thought the plague was created by air corrupted by

decaying unburied bodies, and fumes produced by
poor sanitation
recommended treatment was a good diet, rest, and

relocating to a non-infected environment so the
individual could get clean air
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Second Plague Pandemic: Black Death

(AD 1347 to 1351)
The deadly pandemic originating in China, spread

through Asia, Europe and Africa, bringing tremendous
slaughter
The worst epidemic occurred in the 14th century, when
the disease became known as the Black death
China lost around half and Europe 1/3 of their

population
This makes the Black Death the largest death toll from
any known non-viral epidemic
The plagues traveled rapidly with armies/war, via
trade routes;
caravan traders and later by shipping as world
trade expanded in the 14th-15th centuries
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Second plague Pandemic: Black Death

(AD 1347 to 1351)
Fear of a new and deadly disease, lack of knowledge,

speculation, and rumor led to countermeasures which
often exacerbated the spread of epidemics (as
occurred in the late twentieth century with the AIDS
epidemic)
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Public and religious ceremonies and burials were

promoted, which increased contact with infected
persons
The misconception that cats were the cause of plague

led to their slaughter, when they could have helped to
stem the tide of disease brought by rats and by their
fleas to humans.
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(AD 1347 to 1351)
Seaport cities in the 14th century applied the

biblical injunction to separate lepers by
keeping ships coming from places with the
plague in remote parts of the harbor
Initially for 30 days-hold (treutina),
then for 40 days-hold (quarantina) (Venice)
The public health act of quarantine, which on

a pragmatic basis was found to reduce the
entry of the plague
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(AD 1347 to 1351)
During plague epidemics, preventive

measures(e.g. Russia);
restrict movement in homes, streets, and
entire towns
banned public funerals
banned trade,
prohibited religious and other ceremonies,
and
instituted quarantine type
measures(isolation of victims and their
families)
incentive payments to bring the sick for care
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Third plague Pandemic
The Third Pandemic began in China in 1855,

spreading plague to all inhabited continents
(killing more than 12 million people in India and
China alone)
Casualty patterns indicate that waves of this
pandemic from;
carried around the world through ocean-going trade,

transporting infected persons, rats, and cargoes
harboring fleas
Researchers during the "Third Pandemic"

identified plague vectors and the plague
bacterium, leading in time to modern treatment
methods and vaccination
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The Exploration and Renaissance (15001750)
An expansion of trade between cities and nations

and an increase in population concentrations in
large cities
Explorers, conquerors, and merchants spread

infectious disease to colonists and indigenous
people throughout the World.
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Partly as a result increased movement of people,

vast epidemics of malaria, syphilis, typhus,
smallpox, measles, and the plague continued to
ravaged the unprotected natives
Pollution and crowding in industrial areas resulted in
centuries-long epidemics of environmental disease,
particularly among the urban working class
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A virulent form of syphilis, allegedly brought

back from America by the crews of Columbus,
spread rapidly throughout Europe between
1495 and 1503
control measures tried in various cities
included
examination and registration of prostitutes,
closure of communal bath houses,
isolation in special hospitals,
reporting of disease, and
expulsion of sick prostitutes or strangers
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The renaissance period was characterized by a

rebirth of the belief that diseases were caused
by environmental, not spiritual, factors
The contagion/germ theory of disease, described

by Fracastorus in 1546 (published De Contagione,
microbiological organisms as the case of specific
diseases), including the terms infection and
disinfection, was contrary to the until-then
sacrosanct miasma teachings of Galen
The work of Antony van Leeuwenhoek, who

invented the microscope in 1676 is a watershed in
the history of science.
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John Graunt
In England from 1538, registers of christenings and
burials were published weekly and annually-the Bills of
Mortality
In 1662, John Graunt in England published Natural and
Political Observations Upon the Bills of Mortality
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demonstrating relationships between mortality and living

conditions (certain social and vital phenomena)
providing basic measurements for health status with
mortality rates by age, sex, cause and location
It was the first instance of statistical analysis of mortality
data, providing a foundation for use of health statistics in
the planning of health services
established the sciences of demography and vital
statistics
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The period was characterized by;

Exploration and colonization fueled the expansion
of markets, industrial revolution, growth of
science, technology, and wealth
Agricultural revolution (mechanization) and

expansion of trade led to rural depopulation,
provided excess workers to factories, mines, ships,
homes, and shops-Urbanization
Urban areas suffered from crowding, poor housing,

sanitation, and nutrition; harsh working
conditions-appalling health conditions
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The period of enlightenment and reason was

produced a new approach to science and
knowledge derived from observations and testing
of ideas as opposed to instinctive knowledge
Interest in the health of sailors, soldiers and

workers in various trades led to identified
causative agents and thus methods of prevention
A widening belief that society was obliged to serve

all rather than just the privileged (American and
French revolution). This had a profound impact on
approaches to health and societal issue
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Small pox was known since the 3rd BCE

Primarily as a disease of childhood (with
mortality rates of 25-40% and disfiguring
17-18th and into the 19th centuries)
Smallpox was a key factor in the near
elimination of the Aztec and other societies
in Central and South America
Inoculation or transmission of the smallpox
material itself to healthy persons to prevent
from a more virulent form (variolation) during
epidemics were reported in ancient China
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Edward Jenner (1796) a rural general practitioner,

modified the technique of immunization-the first to
use vaccination with cowpox to prevent smallpox
He observed that farm girls who milked cows never
got infected with smallpox; therefore, he supposed
that the maids contact with cowpox was
responsible for the protection.
This led to a historical experiment-a young boy who
was first inoculating with material from a cowpox
(Vaccinia) pustule/pus remained healthy when
challenged later with material from a smallpox
(Variola) pustule
Jenner then introduced the term vaccination,
derived from vacca, the Latin word for cow
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Nutrition in public health
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James Lind and Scurvy, 1747
In 17401744, a British naval squadron of seven ships

and nearly 2000 men led by Commodore George Anson
left Plymouth, circumnavigating the globe, returned to
England with only 145 men after losing most of the
crews to scurvy
In 1747, James Lind carried out a pioneering

epidemiologic investigation on scurvy among sailors on
long voyages, leading to adoption of lemon or lime juice
as a routine nutrition supplement for British sailors
Vitamins were not understood or isolated until

almost 150 years later of Linds clinical
epidemiologic investigation of nutrition in public
health
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James Lind and Scurvy, 1747
Captain James Lind, a physician This discovery was adopted

serving
Britains
Royal
Navy,
by progressive sea captains
developed a hypothesis regarding the
and aided Captain Cook in his
cause of scurvy based on clinical
voyages of discovery in the
observations. In May 1747, on HMS
South Pacific in 17681771.
Salisbury, Lind conducted the first
By 1795, the Royal Navy
controlled clinical epidemiologic trial
adopted routine issuance of
by treating 12 sailors sick with
lime juice to sailors to prevent
scurvy with six different dietary

regimens. The two sailors who
were fed oranges and lemons
became well and fit for duty
within 6 days, while the others
remained sick. He concluded that
citrus fruits would treat and prevent
scurvy. In 1757, he published his
Treatise on the Scurvy: An Inquiry on
the Nature, causes and Cure of that
Disease.
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scurvy. This extended the

time naval ships could remain
at sea, which was crucial in
their blockade of Napoleonic
Europe. Lind also instigated
reforms in living conditions
for sailors, thus contributing
to improvement in their
health and fitness and the
functioning of the fleet.
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Social reform and the sanitary movement (18301875)

Johann Peter-A Complete System of Medical Police
Until the early 19th century, there was little

public demand for state intervention in
matters of health and welfare
Johann Peter Franck in his monumental series of

booksA Complete System of Medical
Police(17791817) articulated the governmental
role and approach to public health
It was a comprehensive and coherent approach
to public health, emphasizing the key roles of
municipal and higher levels of government.
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Johann Peter-A Complete System of Medical Police
Complete System of Medical Police (17791817)
State regulations were to govern public health and

personal health practices including;
marriage, procreation, and pregnancy, rest following

delivery and maternity benefits,
food hygiene, housing standards, sanitation, sewage
disposal, and clean water supplies, dental care,
school health
Municipal authorities were responsible for;
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keeping cities and towns clean

monitoring vital statistics, venereal diseases,
communicable disease and hospitals
emphasized authoritarian role of the state in
promoting public health including provision of
prepaid medical care.
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Edwin Chadwick and the sanitary revolution
Edwin Chadwick report on the Sanitary Conditions

of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (1842),
which highlighted the economic costs of an
unhealthy workforce led to a further series of
reforms
Led to the Public Health Act (1848) which gave local

authorities the power and responsibility to deal with;
urban
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sanitation (safety of community water

supplies and drainage) and health conditions,
housing legislation, and other reforms as well
as cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis control,
The basis was laid for the Sanitary Revolution
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Lemuel Shattuck
Lemuel Shattuck (United States in 1850) health

report outlined the public health needs for the state
recommended the establishment of boards of health,
the collection of vital statistics (age, sex, race,
occupation, uniformnomenclature for causes of
diseases and death)
the implementation of sanitary measures,
research on diseases,
health education and controlling exposure to alcohol,
smoke, adulterated food, and nostrums (quack
medicines)
A key report in public health; it marks the beginning

of the modern era of public health
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Social reform and the sanitary movement
Chadwick (1842) and Shattuck (1850)
(18301875)
The Chadwick (1842) and Shattuck (1850) reports

developed the concept of municipal boards of
health based on public health law with a public
mandate to supervise and regulate community
sanitation
This included;
urban
planning,
housing legislation
zoning,
restriction of animals and industry in residential
areas,
regulation of working conditions,
setting the basis of public health infrastructure
other aspects of community infrastructure,
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Pettenkoffer
Max von Pettenkoffer (1873) studied the high

mortality rates of Munich, comparing to the
rapidly declining rates in London
Pettenkoffer promoted the concept of the
value of a healthy city, stressing that;
health is the result of a number of factors,
public health is a community concern, and
measures taken to help those in need
benefit the entire community
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Social reform and the sanitary movement
(18301875)
Lenin
Vladimir Lenin (USSR,1918) established the

state-operated health program, bringing
health care to the wide reaches
These programs led to the wide recognition of
the principle of social solidarity with
governmental responsibility for health of the
population in virtually all developed countries
by the 1960s
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Snow and Cholera
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Snow and Cholera
John Snow became famous for his investigations of the

cholera epidemics in London in 184849 and 185354
In the first epidemic, he investigated an outbreak with
500 deaths with in 10-days
Cases were either lived close to or used the Broad
Street pump for drinking water
brewery workers and poorhouse residents in the area,
using uncontaminated wells, escaped the epidemic
Hypothesized the disease was being caused by
drinking contaminated water from the Broad Street
pump
He persuaded the authorities to remove the pump
handle from a water pump, and the epidemic
disappeared within a few days
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In London, England, 1849, John Snow interrupted a cholera epidemic

by removing the handle from this pump, located on Broad Street.
John Snows action was at a

time when;
The predominant theory of
disease causation was the
miasmas theory.
He, therefore, did not yet

know that;
microbes as agents of
infectious diseases had not
yet been identified
cholera bacillus was the
agent
was transmitted by sewagecontaminated water
Vibrio cholera isolated in

1983 during waterborne
outbreak in Egypt by
Robert Koch
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Snow and Cholera
The second epidemic:
Identified cases of mortality

from cholera by which water
company supplied the home
Hypothesis that the
cholera epidemic source
was the contaminated water
from the Thames River
His report led the Public
Health Act (1875) which
obliged local authorities to
improve provisions of
sewage disposal, pure water
supplies and street
cleaning, housing standards
and many others
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Bacteriological period of public health (After 1875s)
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Pasteur and Koch
Louis Pasteur: a French professor of

chemistry
In the 1850s-1870s developed the basis for

modern bacteriology as a cornerstone of public
health
He established a scientific experimental proof

for the germ theory and disproved spontaneous
generation demonstrating that microorganisms
were responsible for the processes of
fermentation and decay
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Pasteur and Koch
Louis Pasteur
He showed how to prevent wine from spoilage due
to contamination from foreign organisms by
heating the wine to a certain temperature before
bottling it to kill the undesired ferments-this led to
the process of pasteurization
He produced vaccines from attenuation or

weakening an organisms strength by passing it
successively through animals, recovering it and
retransmitting it to other animals, produce
protective antibodies but not the disease
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Pasteur and Koch
Louis Pasteur a French professor of chemistry

Chicken cholera (1881) Inoculated hens with
attenuated cultures of chicken cholera and then

challenged them with virulent microorganism and
found them to be immune
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Rabies (18841885)
In 1885, Pasteur, a chemist and not a physician,
treat a boy who was bitten by a rabid dog with a
course of immunization
The boy, survived, and similar cases were
successfully immunized
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Pasteur and Koch
Robert Koch (18431910)
A German district medical officer who Developed

basic bacteriologic techniques- culturing and
staining bacteria
Demonstrated the organism causing anthrax

(1876), using mice inoculated with blood from sick
cattle, transmitting the disease for more than 20
generations-transmission of specific disease by
specific microorganisms
In 1882, Koch demonstrated and cultured the

tubercle bacillus and isolating and identifying
Vibrio cholerae (Nobel Prize, 1905)
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Pasteur and Koch
In 1883, Koch,
adapting postulates
on microorganisms
to disease
causation,
developed the
criteria and
procedures
necessary to
establish that a
particular microbe,
and no other, causes
a particular disease.
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What can you conclude about the causation of

mortality from tuberculosis?
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mortality from tuberculosis (figure 5.1)?
Two factors which influence the likelihood of TB

infected;
Two factors influences how serious tuberculosis is for

an infected individual are;
nutritional status and personal hygiene
Personal hygiene depends on whether you know

about;
Hygiene and overcrowded housing

Overcrowding, in turn, is influenced by family size
personal hygiene and then whether you have the means to

carry it out.
How well nourished you are depends on your

knowledge;
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about healthy food and how well off you are

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mortality from tuberculosis (figure 5.1)?
Access to medical care is of course another

important factor in determining whether you
are likely to get better after contracting the
disease
The introduction of the antibiotic streptomycin

and the tuberculosis (BCG) vaccine do not
seem to have made a great impact on the
overall tuberculosis mortality reduction So
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what?
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In the development of public health
Through the development of public health,

particularly in the Middle Ages, two different
theories concerning disease causation
evolved;
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the Germ theory competed with the widely

accepted Miasma theory
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Galen (AD 129199) in Rome, created the theory of

miasma or bad air causing disease;
The miasma theory, holding that disease was the
result of environmental emanations or miasmas
(poisonous vapors); went back to Greek and Roman
medicine, and Hippocrates (Air, Water, and Places).
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A miasma was seen as consisting of malodorous and

poisonous particles created by decomposing organic
matter
According the Miasmists theory, the method of

disease prevention was to improve sanitation as it
made the connection between dirtiness and disease
This provided the basis for the Sanitary Movement,
with great benefit to improving health conditions
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Germ theory- all contagious diseases are caused by

micro-organisms which could be transmitted from
person to person or by contact with sewage or
contaminated water
The germ theory gained ground, despite the lack of

scientific proof, on the basis of biblical and Middle Ages
experience with isolation of lepers and quarantine of
other infectious conditions
The invention of microscope in 1676 is considered to be

a watershed in the history of science and the germ
theory
Established the specific causation of disease (the germ

theory) has been a vital part of the development of
public health
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While the science of the issue was debated

until the end of the 19th century;
both theories were promoted the sanitary
reform;
targeted at fighting the major disease
outbreaks such as plagues and leprosy,
increasing attention to sanitation, water
safety, housing condition, nutrition status
and removal of waste products by organized
municipal activities
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Military medicine in the development of

public health
Throughout history epidemics in armies as a

result of poorly organized sanitation,
settlement and supply, and medical services
have killed more troops than have weapons
Defeat of armies by disease and lack of

support services prove the need for serious
attention to the health and care of the soldier
Military medicine emphasizes prevention to

maintain the health of personnel who will be
placed in hazardous conditions for disease
and injury.
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Military medicine in the development of public

health
For most of history, prevention of epidemic disease

vaccination, antibiotics, nutrition, and others public
health services primarily intended to protect the
military and to assure the continuation of commerce,
later to the civil society
Innovations in public health by military personnel

during the nineteenth century were numerous;
the conquest of yellow fever by the U.S. Army in Cuba in 1901
Malarial parasites were identified by French army surgeon

Alphonse Laveran (Nobel Prize, 1907) in Algeria in 1880.
In 1897 Ronald Ross (Nobel Prize, 1902), a British army doctor

in India, Patrick Manson in England, and Benvenuto Grassi in
Rome demonstrated transmission of malaria by the Anopheles
mosquito
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Individual work-1
Public health in the 20th and 21st century, and the future
Individual reading work

Describe the evlvotion of publich health in the
20th and 21st century.
Hints: Consider the role of thes and others
The
New Public Health

The World Health Orgnaization
Unicfef Nations Children Fund (UNICEF)
World Bank
The Ottwa Charter
Ala-Amata Decleartion of Primary Health Care
Health for All
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The development of public health

(Summary)
In very olden days, religions set rules to regulate behavior

that specifically related to health, from types of food
eaten, or alcohol drunk to the conduct of sexual
relationships;
In China around 1000 BC children were protected from
smallpox by inoculating a scratch on their forearms with
the pus from a lesion
The Romans installed water supply and waste disposal
systems
In the medieval period the practice of quarantine helped
mitigate the effects of some infectious diseases
Water sanitation, waste removal, and food control
developed at municipal and higher levels of government,
establishment of organized local public health offices all
contributed to the control of communicable diseases.
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(Summary)
The nineteenth century saw a very important stage

in the foundation of modern public health:
Before Vibrio cholerae was identified as the causative agent

of cholera, John Snow observed an association between the
distribution of cholera cases and house water supply
systems, thus initiating the science of epidemiology;
The discoveries of Koch and Pasteur completely changed the
approach to infectious diseases, posing new challenges and
putting new tools into the hands of public health officers.
Investigations of cholera, typhoid, occupational diseases,
and nutritional deficiency disorders began to show causal
relationships and effective methods of intervention despite
lack of contemporary biochemical or bacteriologic proof.
67
samirawol@yahoo.com

(Summary)
Dramatic scientific innovations brought vaccines

and antibiotics which along with improved
nutrition and living standards, helped to control
infectious disease as the major cause of death
The era of New Public Health from the 1960s to
today has brought a new focus on noninfectious
disease epidemiology and prevention.
Even in contemporary times, public health
practice continues on a pragmatic basis,
often before full scientific basis of the
causation of many diseases has been
worked out
68
samirawol@yahoo.com
Home assignment
Select one of the following individuals (all

have been identified in lecture), go to the
library and do some additional reading or find
two reliable Web sites, and then write a twopage paper on the persons contribution to
public health
Galen
Edward Jenner
John Snow
Lemuel Shattuck
Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch
69
samirawol@yahoo.com

Hisory of Public Health

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Hisory of Public Health

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History: Development of the Field

History: Development of the Field of Public Health

At each stage of human biological,

Adaptation of human society to the facing

History: Development of the Field of Public Health

A history of public health is a history of

experince health and illness

and political systems create the

Societies create the precondtions for the

Peolple, both as individuals and as social

History: Development of the Field of Public Health

about health and

Public health evolved with trial and error on a

Often stimulated by war and natural disasters

religious and culture repressed /reserved /scientific

History: Development of the Field of Public Health

It provides a perspective /view point/to

In order to face ahead emerging and re-emerge

History: Development of the Field of Public Health

The ancient world practice( Before 5th century CE)

The medieval period (5thBC-AD15th centuries )

The Renaissance and Exploration (15001750)

Enlightenment, science, and revolution (17501830)

The plague pnadmic

Jenner and smallpox Vaccination

Social Reform and the Sanitary Movement (18301875)

Germ Versus Miasma Theories

Bacteriological period of public health(1875-1950)

Pasteur, Cohn, Koch, and Lister

Enders, Salk and Sabin

Achievements of public health in the 20th century

Future challehges of public health

The Era of New Public Health

History: Development of the Field of Public Health

Contributions of ancient society to the

Egyptian (3000 BC)

Chinese (2100 BC)

Indian-Indus (2000 BC)

Babylon (1700 BC)

Hammurabis code of conduct

Hebrew (1000 B.C)

Cretan and Minoan societies

Greece (500 BC)

Roman (400BC-AD 500)

History: Development of the Field of Public Health

The Hebrew Mosaic Law

Pikuah Nefesh (sanctity of life), and

the saving of a single human life was considered as if

The Mosaic Law, codified health behaviors for the

History: Development of the Field of Public Health

The Hebrew Mosaic Law

History: Development of the Field of Public Health

The Hebrew Mosaic Law

History: Development of the Field of Public Health

Preservation of health was seen as a balance

History: Development of the Field of Public Health

City officials were look after public drains,

History: Development of the Field of Public Health

Ancient Romans had

History: Development of the Field of Public Health

Chinese, Egyptian, Hebrew, Indian, and Incan societies all

The ancient Greek and Mosaic traditions together with

Chinese medicine (21st-11th B.C), Ayurvedic medicine in India

History: Development of the Field of Public Health