Digestive

system
M.D. Aris Michel Montesinos
Rebollo

Digestive System
Introduction

Nutrients.

Substance obtained from

food/water that organisms
need to maintain health.

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,

minerals, vitamins, water.

Energy & raw materials:

synthesize biomolecules.

Digestive System
Introduction

calorie.

Amount of energy required to raise

the temperatura of 1 gram of water by
1C.

Calorie = 1000 calories = 1kcal.

Metabolic rate: Speed at which
lreactions that release energy occur.

70 Cal per hour.

Digestive System
Introduction

Digestive System
Introduction

Energy.

Carbohydrates.

Activation energy (quick).

Glycogen: 1 animal storage

(polysacch).

Starch: Main plant storage

(polysacch).

Lipids.

2 energy storage (long-term).

Proteins.

3 energy storage (long-term).

Digestive System
Introduction

Digestive System
Introduction

Essential nutrients.

Must be supplied in the diet.

We can not produce them.

Essential fatty acids.

Fish oil, soybean oil.

Essential amino acids.

Arginine, Glycine.
Minerals.

Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus.

Vitamins.

Water soluble: B, C.

Fat soluble: A, D, E.

Digestive System
Introduction

Digestive System
Introduction

Digestive System
Digestion

Digestion.

Physically grind food and chemically

breaking
it.
Digestive system:

Compartments in which food is

processed +
organs that produce secretions that
aid the
process.

We are like donuts.

Takes food in, breaks complex

Digestive System
Digestion

Sponges.

Only animal that lacks a

digestive system.

Intracellular digestion
(within single cells).

Phagocytosis.
Food vacuole + Lysosomes.
All animals but sponges:
extracelular digestion.
Hydra: gastrovascular cavity.

Single cavity.
Most animals have tubular digestive

Digestive System
Digestion

1. Ingestion.

Food is brought into the digestive tract

(mouth).
2. Mechanical digestion.

Food is physically broken down into

smaller
pieces (larger surface area for
enzymes).
3. Chemical digestion.
Enzymes break down large molecules
into
smaller subunits.
4. Absorption.

Small subunits are transported out of

Digestive System
Digestion

Digestive system: diet.

Carnivores: feed on animals.

Enlarged canines.

Herbivores: feed on plants.

Dental pad.

Omnivores: feed on both animals and plants.

Birds have no teeth: they grind food in their
stomach.

Enzymes + Gizzard / Stones.

Small intestine length is
correlated with diet.

Carnivores: shorter.

Herbivores: longer.

Digestive System
Digestion

Ruminants.

Multiple stomach chambers.

Rumen: enzymes, microorganisms

(ferment).

Reticulum: cud regurgitated,

chewed,
swallow.

Omasum: water & salts absortion.

Abomasum: protein digestion.

Digestive System
Digestion

Human digestive system.

Mouth.

Teeth: chew.

Saliva: water+amylase (starch into

disaccharides).
Lubricate/First digestion.

Tongue: taste buds.

Mechanical processing.
Pharynx.
Epiglottis.
Esophagus.

Digestive System
Digestion

Esophagus: smooth muscle.

Peristalsis.

Conduction.
Stomach.

Sphincter.

Lower esophageal sphincter.

Pyloric sphincter.

Stores and gradually release food.

Contractions: mechanical digestion.

Gastric secretions: chemical digestion.

Hormone production: regulate gastric

activity.

Digestive System
Digestion

Stomach: Gastric glands.

Mucus.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Pepsinogen: pepsin.
Chyme.

Gastric secretions.

Partially digested food.