Introduction To Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)

Introduction to
Non-Destructive
Testing
(NDT)
Eng. Saed Barakat, ASNT NDT Level III ISO 9712 (EN 473) NDT Level III
Definition of NDT
The use of noninvasive
techniques to determine
the integrity of a material,
component or structure
or
quantitatively measure
some characteristic of
an object.
i.e. Inspect or measure without doing harm.
Methods of NDT
Micr
ow
Visual
ng
i
t
s
e
Tap T
X-ray
ave
The
rmo
grap
hy
le
c
i
t
r
a
cP
i
t
e
n
Mag
Acousti
c Micros
copy
Acous
tic Emi
ts
n
t
e
n
ssion
a
m
r
t
e
ne
ur
e
s
P
a
id
e
u
q
M
i
L
ic
t
e
Ult
n
g
a
ras
M
Replication
on
ic
Lase
Eddy
r Inte
Curr
rfero
e
g
a
k
ent
a
metr
Flux Le
y
Some Uses of NDT Methods
Flaw Detection and Evaluation
Leak Detection
Location Determination
Dimensional Measurements
Structure and Microstructure Characterization
Estimation of Mechanical and Physical Properties
Stress (Strain) and Dynamic Response

Measurements
Material Sorting and Chemical Composition

Determination
Fluorescent penetrant indication
Using of NDT Methods

There are NDE application at almost any stage
in the production or life cycle of a component.
To assist in product development
To screen or sort incoming materials
To monitor, improve or control

manufacturing processes
To verify proper processing such as

heat treating
To verify proper assembly
To inspect for in-service damage
Six Most Common NDT

Methods
Visual (VT)
Penetrant (PT)
Magnetic (MT)
Ultrasonic (UT)
Eddy Current (ET)
Radiography (RT)
Visual Inspection (VT)

Most basic and common
inspection method.
Tools include
fiberscopes,
borescopes, magnifying
glasses and mirrors.
Portable video inspection
unit with zoom allows
inspection of large tanks
and vessels, railroad tank
cars, sewer lines.
Robotic crawlers permit
observation in hazardous or
tight areas, such as air
ducts, reactors, pipelines.
Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT)

A liquid with high surface wetting characteristics
is applied to the surface of the part and allowed
time to seep into surface breaking defects.
The excess liquid is removed from the surface
of the part.
A developer (powder) is applied to pull the
trapped penetrant out the defect and spread it
on the surface where it can be seen.
Visual inspection is the final step in the
process. The penetrant used is often loaded
with a fluorescent dye and the inspection is
done under UV light to increase test
sensitivity.
Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT)

Some of the advantages of liquid penetrant testing are as follows:
(1) Relatively low cost.
(2) Highly portable NDT method.
(3) Highly sensitive to fine, tight discontinuities.
(4) Fairly simple method.
(5) Can be used on a variety of materials.
(6) All surface discontinuities are detected in one operation, regardless of
orientation.
Some of the limitations of liquid penetrant testing are as follows:
(1) Test surface must be free of all contaminants (dirt, oil, grease, paint, rust,
etc.).
(2) Detects surface discontinuities only.
(3) Cannot be used on porous specimens and is difficult to use on very rough
surfaces.
(4) Removal of all penetrant materials, following the test, is often required.
(5) There is no easy method to produce permanent record.
Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)

The part is magnetized. Finely milled iron particles coated with a dye pigment are
then applied to the specimen. These particles are attracted to magnetic flux
leakage fields and will cluster to form an indication directly over the discontinuity.
This indication can be visually detected under proper lighting conditions.

Advantages of magnetic particle testing include the following:
(1) It does not need very stringent pre-cleaning operation.
(2) Best method for the detection of fine, shallow surface cracks in
ferromagnetic material.
(3) Fast and relatively simple NDT method.
(4) Generally inexpensive.
(5) Will work through thin coating.
(6) Few limitations regarding the size/shape of test specimens.
(7) Highly portable NDT method.
(8) It is quicker.
limitations of magnetic particle testing include the following:
(1) Material must be ferromagnetic.
(2) Orientation and strength of magnetic field is critical.
(3) Detects surface and near-to-surface discontinuities only.
(4) Large currents sometimes required.
(5) Burning of test parts a possibility.
(6) Parts must often be demagnetized, which may be difficult.
Eddy Current Testing (ET)

Coil
Coil's
magnetic field
Eddy current's
magnetic field
Eddy
currents
Conductive
material

Eddy current testing is particularly well suited for detecting
surface cracks but can also be used to make electrical conductivity
and coating thickness measurements. Here a small surface probe
is scanned over the part surface in an attempt to detect a crack.

Some of the advantages of eddy current testing include:
(1) Does not require couplant.
(2) It gives instantaneous response.
(3) Has uncomplicated steps during set-up.
(4) Is extremely sensitive to flaws.
(5) Is very repeatable.
(6) High scanning speeds can be used.
(7) Is very accurate for dimensional analysis of flaws or coating thickness.
Some of the limitations of eddy current testing include the following:
(1) The theory requires a good academic background in electrical principles and in
mathematics.
(2) Extremely sensitive to surface variations and therefore requires a good surface.
(3) It is applicable to conductor materials only.
(4) Can be used on non-magnetic and magnetic material but is not reliable on carbon
steel for the detection of subsurface flaws.
(5) Its depth of penetration is limited.
(6) Crack tightness and orientation of eddy current flow to a crack or linear discontinuity
will affect detectability.
Radiographic Testing (RT)

The radiation used in radiography
testing is a higher energy (shorter
wavelength) version of the
electromagnetic waves that we
see as visible light. The radiation can
come from an X-ray generator or a
radioactive source.
High Electrical Potential

Electrons
+
X-ray Generator
or Radioactive
Source Creates
Radiation
Radiation
Penetrate
Exposure Recording Device
the Sample

The part is placed between the
radiation source and a piece of film.
The part will stop some of the
radiation. Thicker and more dense
area will stop more of the radiation.
X-ray film
The film darkness

(density) will vary with
the amount of radiation
reaching the film
through the test object.
= less exposure
Top view of developed film
= more exposure

Some of the advantages of radiographic testing include:
(1) It can be used to inspect large areas at one time.
(2) It is useful on wide variety of materials.
(3) It can be used for checking internal malstructure, misassembly or misalignment.
(4) It provides permanent record.
(5) No calibration needed on the job site.
(6) Devices for checking the quality of radiograph are available.
(7) Interpretation of radiographs can be done in comfortable conditions.
Some of the limitations of this method are:
(1) X-rays and gamma rays are hazardous to human health.
(2) It cannot detect planar defects readily.
(3) Access to both sides of the specimen is required.
(4) Thickness range that can be inspected is limited.
(5) Certain areas in many items cannot be radiographed because of the geometric
consideration.
(6) Sensitivity of inspection decreases with thickness of the test specimen.
(7) It is more costly.
(8) It cannot be easily automated.
(9) It requires considerable skill for the interpretation of the radiographs.
(10) Depth of discontinuity not indicated.
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)

High frequency sound waves are introduced into a
material and they are reflected back from surfaces or
flaws.
Reflected sound energy is displayed versus time, and
f
inspector can visualize a cross section of the specimen
showing the depth of features that reflect sound.
initial
pulse
crack
echo
back surface
echo
crack
0
10
plate
Oscilloscope, or flaw detector screen

Ultrasonic
Testing
(UT)
High resolution images can be produced by plotting
signal strength or time-of-flight using a computercontrolled scanning system.
Gray scale image produced using

the sound reflected from the front
surface of the coin
Gray scale image produced using the

sound reflected from the back surface
of the coin (inspected from heads side)
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)

Some of the advantages of ultrasonic testing are:
(1) It has high sensitivity which permits detection of minute defects.
(2) It has high penetrating power (of the order of 6 to 7 meters in steel) which
allows examination of extremely thick sections.
(3) It has a high accuracy of measurement of flaw position and size.
(4) It has fast response which permits rapid and automatic inspection.
(5) It needs access to only one surface of the specimen.
(6) It is not hazardous to operators, public or equipment.
(7) Portability and operation is electronic.
Some of the limitations of this method are:
(1) Unfavorable geometry of the test specimen causes problems during
inspection.
(2) Inspection of materials having undesirable internal structure is difficult.
(3) It requires the use of a couplant.
(4) The probe must be properly coupled during scanning.
(5) Defect orientation affects defect detectability.
(6) Equipment is quite expensive.
(7) Highly skilled manpower is required.
(8) Reference standards and calibration required.
(9) Rough surfaces can be a problem and surface preparation is necessary.
Common Application of
NDT
Inspection of Raw Products
Inspection Following Secondary
Processing
In-Services Damage Inspection
Inspection of Raw Products

Forgings
Castings
Extrusions
etc.
Inspection Following
Secondary Processing
Machining
Welding
Grinding
Heat treating
Plating
etc.
Inspection For
In-Service Damage
Cracking
Corrosion
Erosion/Wear
Heat Damage
etc.
Power Plant Inspection

Periodically, power plants are
shutdown for inspection.
Inspectors feed eddy current
probes into heat exchanger
tubes to check for corrosion
damage.
Pipe with damage
Probe
Signals
produced by
various amounts
of corrosion
thinning.
Wire Rope Inspection

Electromagnetic devices
and visual inspections are
used to find broken wires
and other damage to the
wire rope that is used in
chairlifts, cranes and other
lifting devices.
Storage Tank Inspection

Robotic crawlers
use ultrasound to
inspect the walls of
large above ground
tanks for signs of
thinning due to
corrosion.
Cameras on
long
articulating
arms are used
to inspect
underground
storage tanks
for damage.
Aircraft Inspection
Nondestructive testing is used
extensively during the
manufacturing of aircraft.
NDT is also used to find cracks
and corrosion damage during
operation of the aircraft.
A fatigue crack that started at
the site of a lightning strike is
shown below.
Jet Engine Inspection

Aircraft engines are overhauled
after being in service for a period
of time.
They are completely disassembled,
cleaned, inspected and then
reassembled.
Fluorescent penetrant inspection
is used to check many of the parts
for cracking.
Crash of United Flight 232

Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989
A defect that went

undetected in an
engine disk was
responsible for
the crash of
United Flight 232.
Pressure Vessel Inspection

The failure of a pressure vessel
can result in the rapid release of
a large amount of energy. To
protect against this dangerous
event, the tanks are inspected
using radiography and
ultrasonic testing.
Rail Inspection
Special cars are used to
inspect thousands of miles
of rail to find cracks that
could lead to a derailment.
Bridge Inspection
The US has 578,000
highway bridges.
Corrosion, cracking and
other damage can all
affect a bridges
performance.
The collapse of the Silver
Bridge in 1967 resulted in
loss of 47 lives.
Bridges get a visual
inspection about every 2
years.
Some bridges are fitted
with acoustic emission
sensors that listen for
sounds of cracks
growing.
Pipeline Inspection
NDT is used to inspect pipelines
to prevent leaks that could
damage the environment. Visual
inspection, radiography and
electromagnetic testing are some
of the NDT methods used.
Remote visual inspection using

a robotic crawler.
Magnetic flux leakage inspection.

This device, known as a pig, is
placed in the pipeline and collects
data on the condition of the pipe as it
is pushed along by whatever is being
transported.
Radiography of weld joints.
Special Measurements
Boeing employees in Philadelphia were given the privilege of
evaluating the Liberty Bell for damage using NDT techniques. Eddy
current methods were used to measure the electrical conductivity of
the Bell's bronze casing at various points to evaluate its uniformity.
Thank You

Introduction To Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)

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Introduction to

Some Uses of NDT Methods

Flaw Detection and Evaluation

Structure and Microstructure Characterization

Estimation of Mechanical and Physical Properties

Stress (Strain) and Dynamic Response

Material Sorting and Chemical Composition

Fluorescent penetrant indication

Using of NDT Methods

To assist in product development

To screen or sort incoming materials

To monitor, improve or control

To verify proper processing such as

To verify proper assembly

To inspect for in-service damage

Six Most Common NDT

Visual Inspection (VT)

Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT)

Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT)

Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)

Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)

Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)

Eddy Current Testing (ET)

Eddy Current Testing (ET)

Eddy Current Testing (ET)

Radiographic Testing (RT)

High Electrical Potential

Radiographic Testing (RT)

The film darkness

Top view of developed film

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Ultrasonic Testing (UT)

Oscilloscope, or flaw detector screen

Gray scale image produced using

Gray scale image produced using the

Ultrasonic Testing (UT)

Inspection of Raw Products

Power Plant Inspection

Pipe with damage

Wire Rope Inspection

Storage Tank Inspection

Jet Engine Inspection

Crash of United Flight 232

A defect that went

Pressure Vessel Inspection

Remote visual inspection using

Magnetic flux leakage inspection.

Radiography of weld joints.

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