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Elements
O
Oxygen
S
Sulphur
Se
Selenium
Te
Tellurium
simple electron
config.
2,6
2,8,6
2,8,8,6
2,8,18,18,6
2,8,18,32,18,6
electron config.
[He]
2s22p4
[Ne]
3s23p4
[Ar]3d10
4s24p4
[Kr]4d10
5s25p4
[Xe]4f145d106s2
6p4
Atomic unit
15. 99
32. 06
78. 96
127. 60
210
melting pt./oC
-218
117
217
450
254
boiling pt./oC
-183
445
685
990
962
density/gcm-3
<0.1
2.1
4.8
6.2
9.3
1314
1000
941
869
812
Oxidation States
-2,(-1)
Covalent radius/
0.66
1.04
1.17
1.43
1.67
Electronegativity
3.44
2.58
2.55
2.10
2.00
colourless
gas
yellow solid
(monoclinic
/rhombic
allotropes)
Silver
metalloid or
red powder
allotropes
silver white
metalloid
radioactive
silvery solid
Appearance (RTP)
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16
34
52
Po Polonium
(radioactive)
84
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S O
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Chemical Reactivity:
all the elements except the inert gases react with oxygen, the reactions
being strongly exothermic. S, Se and Te are moderately reactive and
burn in air to form dioxides. They combine with many metals and non
metals, but are not attacked by acids, except those which are oxidizing
agents (non metallic character). Polonium dissolves in H2SO4, HF, HCl
and HNO3 (metallic character). S and Se dehydrogenate saturated
hydrocarbons. With olefins, sulphur forms cross-links, which is
important in the vulcanizing of rubber.
SeO2 and TeO2 are obtained by treating the metals with hot nitric
acid to form H2SeO3 and 2TeO2.HNO3, respectively, then
evaporating the water or nitric acid by heating. SO2 is a gas and
forms discrete molecule even in the solid state. Its structure, is seen
below, SeO2 is solid at room temperature. The gas has some
structure as SO2 but the solid forms infinite chains, which are not
planar.
The dioxides are acidic in nature and acidic character decreases as
we move down the group.
TeO2 and PoO2 both crystallize in two ionic forms
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10
Oxides of Gp. 15
Element
MO2
MO3
SO2
SO3
Se
SeO2
SeO3
Te
TeO2
TeO3
Po
PoO2
Other Oxides
S2O
S2O3
TeO
PoO
11
..
..
:O
:O
..
..
:O
..
O
S:
S:
..
..
:O
..
..
:
..
..
Trioxides MO3
Sulphur trioxide SO3 is obtained by reaction of SO2 with O2. The
reaction is slow and a catalyst such as Pt or V2O5 is used.
SO3 reacts violently with water to form sulphuric acid. Industrially, SO 3
is dissolved in 98% H2SO4 to give oleum or fuming sulphuric acid. This
is mainly pyrosulphuric acid H2S2O7 which is then diluted. SO3 is used as
such for preparing sulphonated oils and alkyl are suphonate detergents. It
is also a powerful oxidizing agent; it oxidizes HBr to Br and P to P 4O10.
The SO3 molecule, in the gas phase, has a planar, triangular structure (sp2
hybridzation) involving three resonance structures. It forms polymers in
the solid state.
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13
..
..
:O
..
..
..
..
:O :
..
:O
O
..
:S
S:
..
..
:S
:O :
..
:O
..
:O :
..
..
O..
:O
..
:S
..
..
O:
..
The bond angles of 120 accord with sp2 hybridization, all bonds are
similar in bond length.
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16