Synchronous Machine

This Lecture notes are
quated from
George G. Karady & Keith
Holbert
Chapter 6
Synchronous Machine
11/24/16
360 Chapter 5 Transformers
EEE 360
Energy Conversion and

Transport
George G. Karady & Keith Holbert
Chapter 6
Synchronous Machine
11/24/16
360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables
6.1 Construction
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6.1.1 Round Rotor

Generator
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Synchronous Machines
Generator
Exciter
Figure 6.1 View of a two-pole round rotor generator and exciter.
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Stator with
laminated iron core
Slots with
phase
winding
CA+
N
Rotor with
dc winding
B+
S
B-
A-
C+
C
Figure 6.2
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Major components of a round rotor two-pole generator

Figure 6.3 Cross-section of a large turbo generator. (Courtesy Westinghouse)

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Metal frame
Laminated iron
core with slots
Insulated copper
bars are placed in
the slots to form
the three-phase
winding
Figure 6.4
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Details of a generator stator.

Figure 6.5 Rotor block of a large generator. (Courtesy Westinghouse)

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Figure 6.6 Generator rotor with conductors placed in the slots.

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10
Steel
retaining
ring
Shaft
Shaft
Wedges
DCcurrent
current
DC
terminals
terminals
Figure 6.7 Large generator rotor completely assembled. (Courtesy Westinghouse)
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6.1.2 Salient pole generator
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12
C-
A+
Rotor with
dc winding
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+
+
+
+
+
A-
S
B-
Figure 6.8
Stator with
laminated iron core
B+
C+
Slots with
phase
winding
Two-pole salient pole generator concept.

13
A-
B+
C+
C-
N
-
+
+
+
+
S
+
+
B-
A+
A+
B-
+
+
C-
N
C+
A-
B+
Figure 6.12 Four-pole salient pole generator concept.

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Figure 6.9Stator of a large salient pole hydro generator; inset

shows the insulated conductors and spacers.
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15
Figure 6.10 Large hydro generator rotor with view of the vertical poles.
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16
Slip
rings
Pole
Fan
DC excitation
winding
Figure 6.11 Rotor of a four-pole salient pole generator.

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Exciter rotor
Rotating rectifier
Generator
Exciter stator
Idc
Field
winding
Phase
windings
Stationary
Rotates
Figure 6.13 Concept of the brushless exciter system
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6.2 Operating Concept
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Flux f
nsy
C-
B+
AA+
B-
C+
Figure 6.14 Operating concept of a synchronous generator

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Maximum flux linkage with phase A
C-
No flux linkage with phase A
B+
-
C-
B+
-
A+
A-
A+
B-
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A-
+
+
C+
(a) Flux is perpendicular to phase A
Figure 6.15
S
-
B-
C+
(b) Flux is parallel to phase A
Rotation produced flux linkage variation.

21
rot
link
nsy
B+
C-
A+
A-
30
B-
C+
Figure 6.16 Rotating flux linkage to phase A.

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Main rotating flux
f
n sy
p
2
2 n sy
link (t ) rot cos( t )
E s (t ) N sta
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d link (t )
dt
E s (t ) N sta rot sin( t )

N sta rot cos( t 90)
E sta
N sta rot
2
The rotating flux generates

the induced voltage
23
nsy
B+
C-
Field flux f
A-
30
A+
Armature
flux ar
B-
C+
Figure 6.17 Field (f) and load generated (ar) rotating fluxes.
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Armature flux
I arm (t ) 2 I sta cos( t )
arm (t ) ar cos( t )
E ar (t ) N sta
E arm
Load current generates a

rotating flux reducing the
main flux and induced
voltage
d arm (t )
N sta ar sin ( t )
dt
N sta ar
2
Vt E sta E arm
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Armature flux
E ar (t ) Larm
dI
arm
(t )
dt
Larm 2 I sta
X arm
X arm
d
dt
sin( t )
Larm
2 I sta cos( t )
2 I sta sin( t )
N sta ar
2 I sta
X syn X arm X leakage

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Single phase
equivalent circuit
E arm syn I sta ( j X syn )
Vt E sta E arm syn E sta I sta j X syn

Xsyn
Flux
Esta
Rsta
Ista
Vt
DC
Figure 6.18 Single-phase equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator .
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27
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The DC excitation current in the rotor
generates a flux.
The turbine drives the rotor and produces a
rotating flux
The rotation cause flux changes in the windings
The rotating flux induce a ac three phase
voltage in the stator winding.
This is the rotor induced voltage in the stator.
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360 Chapter 6 Synchronous Machine
29
The generator is loaded
The load current produces a rotating flux
This rotating flux induces a ac three phase voltage in
the stator winding.
This voltage is
subtracted from the induced voltage.
represented by a voltage drop on the synchronous reactance
The equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator is a

voltage source and a reactance connected in series
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6.3 Generator Application
Power angle:
Angle between the dc
excitation current generated induced voltage and
the terminal voltage
Xsyn
Flux
Esta
Rsta
Ista
Vt
DC
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6.3 Generator Application
6.3.1 Loading: power is less than angle 90 deg
All generators in the system are connected in parallel

All generators rotates with the synchronous speed
The load can be increased by increasing the input mechanical power by
regulating the turbine impute power
The speed does not change, the power angle increases
Maximum power angle is 90 degree, beyond that operation is unstable
6.3.2 Reactive power regulation

When the excitation is:
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Increased, the generator reactive power also increases;

Decreased, the generator reactive power also decreases
32
6.3.3 Synchronization
Verify that the phase sequences of the two systems are the
same.
Adjust the machine speed with the turbine that drives the
generator until the generator voltage frequency is nearly the
same as the frequency of the network voltage.
Adjust the terminal voltage of the generator by changing the dc

field (rotor) current until the generator terminal voltage is almost
equal to the network voltage. Acceptable limit is 5%.
Adjust the phase angle of the generator terminal voltage by

regulating the input power until it is nearly equal with the
phase angle of the network voltage. Acceptable limits are
about 15.
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33
6.3.4 Static stability
Generator
Sgen 150kV A
Vgen 12.47kV
xgen 128%
Transmission line
Lline 48mi
Network
Vnet 12.47kV
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ZL ( 0.5 j 0.67)
mi
Inet_short 2kA
34
Generator
Figure 6.19
Distribution line
One-line diagram of a simple power system

Xsyn
Esta
Network
Zline
Xnet
Isyt
Vnet_ln
Figure 6.20 Single-phase equivalent circuit of the network in Figure 6.19 .

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35
System Data
The system data are:
Generator
Sgen 150kV A
Vgen 12.47kV
Network
Vnet 12.47kV
Inet_short 2kA
Distribution line
Lline 48mi
ZL ( 0.5 j 0.67)
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xgen 128%
mi
36
The first step of the study is to calculate the impedances. The generator snchronous reactance
is :
Xsyn xgen
Vgen
Sgen
Xsyn 1.3269 k
The line impedance is:
Zline ZL Lline
Zline 24 32.16j
The network line -to-netral voltage and reactance is:
Vnet_ln
Xnet
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Vnet
3
Vnet_ln
Inet_short
Vnet_ln 7.2 kV
Xnet 3.6
37
The generator induced voltage is:
Esta 2 Vnet_ln e
1
Esta ( 60deg) 7.2 12.47j kV
The equivalent circuit shows that the current in this sytem is the voltage
difference divided by the total system impedance
Isyt
Esta Vnet_ln
j Xsyn Zline j Xnet
Isyt ( 60deg) 9.148 0.161jA
The complex power of the generator and network is
Sg 3 Esta Isyt
Sg ( 60deg) 203.614 338.751j kV A
Snet 3 Vnet_ln Isyt
Snet ( 60deg) 197.587 3.48j kV A
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The power of the generator and network is
Pg Re Sg
Pg ( 60deg) 203.614 kW
Pnet Re Snet
Pnet ( 60deg) 197.587 kW
The generator terminal voltage is:
Vt Esta jXsyn Isyt
Vt ( 60deg) 7.413 0.331j kV
Vt_ll
Vt_ll ( 60deg) 12.853 kV
Reg
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3 Vt
Vt_ll Vnet
Vnet
Reg ( 60deg) 3.072 %
39
The generator and network power vs power angle

0deg 1deg 180deg
250
Pg
kW
200
Stable
operation
150
Maximum
power
Pnet
kW
Unstable
operation
100
110
50
Operation
point
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
deg
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40
Maximum power transmitted

60deg
max Maximize Pg
max 91.009 deg
Pg_max Pg max
Pg_max 236.226 kW
110kW root Pg 110kW
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110kW 27.55 deg
41
6.4 Induced Voltage

Synchronous Reactance
Calculation
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42
6.4 Induced Voltage and Synchronous Reactance
Calculation
E sta
sta rot
2
0 N sta N rot
If
gap
X syn
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3
2 sta rot
0 N sta
If
gap
43
Lgap
C-
Lstator
B+
(Drotor/2) d
N
-/2
A+
Lrotor
Lgap
-
B-
/2
A-
Lstator
C+
Figure 6.26 Rotor-generated magnetic field in the simplified generator.

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44
6.4.1 Induced Voltage
Amperes circuital law for this magnetic loop yields
2 Hgap Lgap Hrotor Lrotor Hstator Lstator
2 Hgap Lgap
Idc_rotor Nrotor
Hgap Idc_rotor
Idc_rotor Nrotor
If iron core is neglected
Idc_rotor Nrotor
2 Lgap
Bgap Idc_rotor o Hgap Idc_rotor
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45
Bbase Bbase_max cos
2
Figure 6.27 Rotor

generated flux
density distribution
along the rotor
surface
Brotor Idc_rotor
T
0
Bbase( )
T
90
60
30
30
60
90 120 150 180 210 240 270
Square wave flux equation
deg
Brotor Idc_rotor if 90 deg Bgap Idc_rotor Bgap Idc_rotor
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The base component is calculated using the Fourier series
3
Bbase_max
Brotor Idc_rotor cos d
Bbase_max Idc_rotor
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Bgap Idc_rotor
Bgap Idc_rotor
47
Substitution of current and flux density results in:
Bbase_max Idc_rotor
Idc_rotor Nrotor
2 Lgap
rotor Idc_rotor
Bbase
Drotor
2
Lstator d
Flux integral
rotor Idc_rotor Bbase_max Drotor Lstator
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Idc_rotor Nrotor
Substitution of current and flux density results in:
A Idc_rotor t rotor Idc_rotor cos t
Flux integral
rotor Idc_rotor
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2 Lgap
Drotor Lstator
49
Rotating Flux Generation
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50
Lgap
C+
Lstator
(Drotor/2) d
BN
-/2
A-
Lrotor
Lgap
B+
A+
/2
Lstator
C-
Figure 6.29 Arrangement for calculation of load current generated flux.

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0.7
A_ac(t)
C+
0.5
B-
A-
0.3
A+
A_ac(t) 0.1
0
B+
C-
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
60
120
180
240
300
360
t
deg
Figure 6.30 Phase A load current generated ac flux.

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52
B(t)
ABC(t)
C(t)
A(t)
B(t)
C+
B-
C(t)
A-
B+
A+
C-
Figure 6.31 AC flux generated by the phase currents.

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53
0.7
A_ac ( t ) 0.5
Wb
B_ac ( t )
Wb
0.3
0.1
C_ac ( t ) 0.1
Wb
0
0.3
0.5
0.7
60
120
180
240
300
360
t
deg
t = 0
t = 45
C(t)
B(t)
ABC(0)
B(t)
C(t)
ABC(t)
A(t)
B(t)
A-
C+
B-
Figure 6.32 Rotating

flux generated by the
phase currents
A(t)
C+
C(t)
A+
A-
B+
C(t)
A+
B(t)
B+
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C-
B+
C-
54
t 0ms 0.1ms
1
60
1
ABC ( t ) 0.75
Wb
0.5
AA ( t )
Wb
BA ( t )
0.25
0
Wb
CA ( t )
Wb
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
60
120
180
240
300
360
t
deg
Figure 6.33
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Flux linkages with phase A.
55
Exercises using MATCAD
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56
Transformer
Network
Transmission line
Figure 6.34 One-line

diagram of synchronous
generator network
Generator
Xsy
Eg_ln
Ig
Eg_s
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Xtr
Vg_ln
Vtrs_ln
Xsy_s
Xtr
ZLine
Vnet_ln
Isy
Figure 6.35 Single-phase

equivalent circuit of
synchronous generator
network.
ZLine
Isy
Vnet_ln
Figure 6.36 Simplified singlephase equivalent circuit of

synchronous generator network.
57
0deg 1deg 180deg
600
500
Pnet
M W
Pnetwork
MW
400
300
200
100
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
deg
Figure 6.37 Power delivered to the network as a function of power angle.

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58

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This Lecture notes are

360 Chapter 5 Transformers

Energy Conversion and

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

6.1.1 Round Rotor

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Major components of a round rotor two-pole generator

Figure 6.3 Cross-section of a large turbo generator. (Courtesy Westinghouse)

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Details of a generator stator.

Figure 6.5 Rotor block of a large generator. (Courtesy Westinghouse)

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Figure 6.6 Generator rotor with conductors placed in the slots.

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

6.1.2 Salient pole generator

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Two-pole salient pole generator concept.

Figure 6.12 Four-pole salient pole generator concept.

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Figure 6.9Stator of a large salient pole hydro generator; inset

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Figure 6.11 Rotor of a four-pole salient pole generator.

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Figure 6.13 Concept of the brushless exciter system

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

6.2 Operating Concept

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Figure 6.14 Operating concept of a synchronous generator

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

No flux linkage with phase A

(a) Flux is perpendicular to phase A

(b) Flux is parallel to phase A

Rotation produced flux linkage variation.

Figure 6.16 Rotating flux linkage to phase A.

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

E s (t ) N sta rot sin( t )

The rotating flux generates

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

Load current generates a

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

X syn X arm X leakage

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

E arm syn I sta ( j X syn )

Vt E sta E arm syn E sta I sta j X syn

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

360 Chapter 4 Transmission lines and cables

360 Chapter 6 Synchronous Machine

The equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator is a

360 Chapter 6 Synchronous Machine

360 Chapter 6 Synchronous Machine

6.3.1 Loading: power is less than angle 90 deg

All generators in the system are connected in parallel

6.3.2 Reactive power regulation

Increased, the generator reactive power also increases;

360 Chapter 6 Synchronous Machine

Adjust the terminal voltage of the generator by changing the dc

Adjust the phase angle of the generator terminal voltage by

360 Chapter 6 Synchronous Machine

360 Chapter 6 Synchronous Machine