Enter

Enter Organizational
Organizational
Behavior
Behavior

Organizational behavior
(OB)

A field of study that investigates the

impact that individuals, groups, and
structure have on behavior within
organizations, for the purpose of
applying such knowledge toward
improving an organizations
effectiveness.

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Definition

Stephen Robbins a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals
,groups and structures have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of
applying such knowledge toward improving an organisations effectiveness.

Fred Luthens the understanding ,prediction and management of human behaviour

in organisations.

Five Models

Schein and William WhyteEconomic Man

Social Man
Organisational Man
Self Actualzing Man
Impulsive Man

Toward
Toward an
an OB
OB
Discipline
Discipline

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Contributing
Contributing Disciplines
Disciplines to
to
the
the OB
OB Field
Field

Psychology

The science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes

change the behavior of humans and other animals.

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Contributing
Contributing Disciplines
Disciplines to
to
the
the OB
OB Field
Field
Sociology
The study of people in relation to their fellow human beings.

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Contributing
Contributing Disciplines
Disciplines to
to
the
the OB
OB Field
Field

Social Psychology

An area within psychology that blends concepts from

psychology and sociology and that focuses on the
influence of people on one another.

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Contributing
Contributing Disciplines
Disciplines to
to
the OB Field
Political Science the OB Field
The study of the behavior of individuals and groups within a
political environment.

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Personality
The sum total of ways in which an
individual reacts and interacts with
others.
Personality
Personality
Determinants
Determinants
Heredity
Heredity
Environment
Environment
Situation
Situation

The Big Five Model of

Personality Dimensions
Extroversion
Sociable,energetic, and assertive

Agreeableness
Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting

Conscientiousness
Responsible, dependable, persistent, and
organized

Emotional Stability
Calm, self-confident, secure (positive) versus
nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative).

Openness to Experience
Imaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, and

Major Personality Attributes

Influencing OB
Locus of control
Machiavellianism
Self-esteem
Self-monitoring
Risk taking
Type A&B personality

Locus of Control
Locus of Control
The degree to which people believe
they are masters of their own fate.
Internal
External

Machiavellianism
Machiavellianism (Mach)
Degree to which an individual is
maintains emotional distance, and
believes that ends can justify means.

Self-Esteem and SelfMonitoring

Self-Esteem (SE)
Individuals degree of liking or
disliking themselves.
Self-Monitoring
A personality trait that measures an
individuals ability to adjust his or her
behavior to external, situational
factors.

Risk-Taking
High Risk-taking Managers
Low Risk-taking Managers

Personality Types
Type As
1. are always moving, walking, and eating
rapidly;
2. feel impatient with the rate at which most
events take place;
3. strive to think or do two or more things at
once;
4. cannot cope with leisure time;
5. are obsessed with numbers, measuring
their success in terms of how many or how
much of everything they acquire

 Type Bs
1.never suffer from a sense of time
urgency with its accompanying
impatience;
2.feel no need to display or discuss
either their achievements or
accomplishments;
3.play for fun and relaxation, rather
than to exhibit their superiority at
any cost;

Personality Theory

Psychoanalytical Theory
ID
EGO
SUPER EGO

Holistic Theory
Self Image
Ideal Self
Looking Glass Self
Real Life

What Is Perception, and

Why Is It Important?
Perception
A

process by which individuals organize and

interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.

Peoples behaviour is based on their

perception of what reality is, not on reality
itself.

Person Perception: Making

Judgments About Others
Attribution Theory
When individuals observe behaviour,
they attempt to determine whether it
is internally or externally caused

Frequently Used Shortcuts

in Judging Others
Selective Perception
People selectively interpret what they see on
the basis of their interests, background,
experience, and attitudes.

Frequently Used Shortcuts

in Judging Others
Halo Effect
Drawing a general impression about an
individual on the basis of a single
characteristic
Contrast Effects
Evaluation of a persons characteristics that
are affected by comparisons with other
people recently encountered who rank
higher
or
lower
on
the
same
characteristics.

Frequently Used Shortcuts

in Judging Others
Projection
Attributing ones own characteristics to other
people.
Stereotyping
Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of
the group to which that person belongs.

Specific Applications in
Organizations
Employment Interview
Perceptual biases of ratters' affect the
accuracy of interviewers judgments of
applicants.
Performance Expectations
Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effect): The
lower or higher performance of employees
reflects preconceived leader expectations
about employee capabilities.

Specific Applications in
Organizations
Performance Evaluations
Appraisals are often the subjective
(judgmental) perceptions of appraisers
of another employees job performance.

Employee Effort
Assessment of individual effort is a
subjective judgment subject to
perceptual distortion and bias.

The Link Between

Perceptions and Individual
Decision Making
Decisions

Choices made from among

alternatives developed from
data perceived as relevant.

Perception
Perception
of
ofthe
the
decision
decision
maker
maker