Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
PROCESS
WHY FORGING ? ? ?
A forged component has the ability to withstand higher load during service.
It increase the strength and toughness of the metals by producing directional grains.
It refines the structure of the metal and thus renders it more dense.
The internal defects like segregation, cracks and porosity are eliminated.
TEMPERATURE
COLD
FORGING
WARM
FORGING
DIE
EXTRUSION
COINING
ROLLING
PUNCHING
HOT FORGING
PEARCING
THIXO
FORGING
BLANKING
HEADING
OPEN DIE
FORGING
IMPRESSION /
CLOSED DIE
FORGING
UPSET
FORGING
MACHINE
HAMMER
FORGING
PRESS
FORGING
RING
ROLLING
ORBITAL
FORGING
RAW
MATERIAL
HEAT
TREATMENT
Annealing
to remove strain hardening
to set the desired mechanical properties
to normalize the microstructure
SURFACE
TREATMENT
Surface treatment
to remove dust & oil cleaning by acids and degreasers
Pre-Coating - Phosphating
Soaps Sodium / Calcium stearates
COLD
FORGING
COLD
FORGING
EXTRUSION
FORWARD EXTRUSION
COINING
BACKWARD EXTRUSION
ROLLING
PUNCHING
PEARCING
BLANKING
HEADING
Forward Extrusion
Forward extrusion reduces slug
diameter and increases its length to
produce parts such as stepped shafts
and cylinders.
Backward Extrusion
In backward extrusion, the steel
flows back and around the
descending punch to form cupshaped pieces.
Piercing and blanking are essentially the same process, involving the
stamping of shapes out of sheet metal or metal strip.
Whereas in blanking a shape is stamped out of the metal and then used.
The change in the crystal structure of a substance that takes place upon
heating or cooling, without a changing the chemistry of metals.
Liquid
BCC Stable
1391
longer
heat up
FCC Stable
914
Tc 768
BCC Stable
cool down
shorter!
longer!
magnet falls of
shorter
950 0 C
550 0 C
WARM
FORGING
BAND
Transmission Shafts
Transmission Gears
Two dies are brought together and the work piece undergoes plastic
deformation until its enlarged sides touch the die side walls.
Some material begins to flow outside the die impression, forming flash.
A work piece may be forged by a series of punch and die operations (or by several
cavities in the same die) to gradually change its shape.
Forming Type
Cold
Warm
Hot
Temperature
Room
550 - 950oC
950 - 1250oC
1020 - 1740oF
1740 - 2300oF
Accuracy
High
Good
Low
Formability
Restricted
Good
Good
Material
Restricted
Large variety
Large variety
Energy Costs
Low
Moderate
High
Surface Quality
High
Good
Low
Tolerances
Close
Closer
Low
Grain Structure
Good
Good
Variable
Heat Treatments
Few
Few
Necessary
Machining
Least
Less
Necessary
Grain Structure
Parts have good strength
High toughness
Forgings require additional heat treating
Forging Defects
Unfilled Section: In this some section of the die cavity
are not completely filled by the flowing metal.
Cold Shut: This appears as a small cracks at the corners
of the forging.
Scale Pits: This is seen as irregular depurations on the
surface of the forging.
Die Shift: This is caused by the miss alignment of the
die halve, making the two halve of the forging to be
improper shape.
Forging Defects
Flakes: These are basically internal
ruptures caused by the improper cooling
of the large forging.
Improper Grain Flow: This is caused by
the improper design of the die, which
makes the flow of the metal not flowing
the final interred direction.
Crack:
Cracks are two types
Surface Crack
Micro Crack
Reason
Ingot Cracks
Improper Heating and Forging @ Low temperatures
Incorrect cooling of Alloy steel forgings
Incorrect Forging methods
Lap:
Reason
Due to folding of metal over itself during forging, laps are usually found
where vertical and horizontal section intersect, when fillet radius is less.
Unfilling:
Reason
Inadequate Forging pressure
Chilled die or forge metal
Short supply of feed metal from either web or blocker
Inadequate Preform Design
Pitting:
Depression on component surface due to
scale imbedded during forging
ReasonIncomplete cleaning of dies & scales.
Dents:
ReasonImproper positioning of stock on the die.
Hot forgings are thrown from place to place.
Mismatch
Reason
Improper alignment of dies
Buckling:
ReasonIn upsetting forging. Subject to high
compressive stress.
Thank You