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Architecture
Velos, Miko
Basco, Tresha
Azana, Frances Nichole
Rodriguez, Ronnie
Tulod, John Kenneth
Japanese Architecture
( N i h o n Ke n c h i k u )
6TH CENTURY A.D
to Present Day
J a p a n e s e Te r m s
Building
Tatemono
Door
Tobira
(door) frame
waku
Floor
yuka
opening (e.g. window, door) kaik-bu
paper sliding door
shji
partition wall
majikiri kabe
Roof
yane
Room
heya
stairs, stairway, staircase
kaidan
temple (Buddhist)
tera
Wall
kabe
Window
ado
Geographical Influences
Map of Japan
Sea of
Japan
G e o g r a p h i c a l I n fl u e n c e s
G e o g r a p h i c a l I n fl u e n c e s
H i s t o r i c a l , S o c i a l a n d Re l i g i o u s
H i s t o r i c a l , S o c i a l a n d Re l i g i o u s
H i s t o r i c a l , S o c i a l a n d Re l i g i o u s
H i s t o r i c a l , S o c i a l a n d Re l i g i o u s
SHINTO
Japanese architecture
Traditionally been typified by wooden
structures, elevated slightly off the ground,
with tiled or thatched roofs.
Sliding doors (f u s u m a ) were used in place
of walls, allowing the internal configuration
of a space to be customized for different
occasions.
People usually sat on cushions or otherwise
on the floor, traditionally; chairs and high
tables were not widely used until the 20th
century.
J a p a n e s e a rc h i t e c t u r e
J a p a n e s e a rc h i t e c t u r e
JOMON PERIOD
JOMON PERIOD
The typical Jomon
house was pit house
that had a main pillar,
whose hole was dug
the
widest
and
deepest
into
the
ground,
that
was
surrounded by other
wooden
upright
supporting posts.
JOMON PERIOD
Later houses had
square or rectangular
floors with rounded
corners.
JOMON PERIOD
The earthen
floors
tamped
hard,
were
sometimes
sunk half a
metre
into
the ground,
or
sometimes
covered
in
flagstone.
Indoor
fireplaces were
common
as
were
storage
pits
and
smoking
ditches.
JOMON PERIOD
Apart from thecommon pit dwelling
houses,
some
settlements
had
raisedbuildings
that
were
probably
storage houses or warehouses. Hundreds
of theseraised storage housesand more
than 800 pit houses were found at the site
of the Sannai Maruyama village. In
addition, thelarge buildingRaised
with
huge
warehouse
beside
dwelling on the
columnsis an outstanding apit
architectural
Omusaro Plateau near
feature of the Sannai-Maruyama
ruins.
Monbetsu
JOMON PERIOD
Woodworking was an
important craft or skill
for the Jomon people,
used
for
making
dugout
canoes,
wooden vessels and
especially
for
building.The
Jomon
people made wooden
frames for the walls of
storage pits and for
the posts of their
buildings.
YAYOI PERIOD
During the Yayoi period
(400B.C.300A.D.),several
architectural advances
were made in their
buildings.
The Yayoi people built
many elevated buildings
orbuildings that were
raised
above
the
ground,
withthe
buildingssupported by
six or seven posts.
Raised warehouse
building at Karako Kagi
site
YAYOI PERIOD
This advanced type of architecture
wasbuilt with wooden beams made of planks
of a regular shape, with floors, doors
andslanted supporting poles.
YAYOI PERIOD
A
very
sophisticated
method
called
the
mortise
and
tendon
method wasused to join
the wooden beams, so
experts think the people
already had iron tools.
YAYOI PERIOD
Other Yayoi architecturally
advanced forms were the
buildings that hadirimoya
thatched roofs that flared out
at the sides. This flared roof
style became the style for Large dwellings were
residences or palaces (miya) built for important
forshaman
leaders, rulers. Yoshinogari
chiefsand other elite tribal Village
Flared roof of
members of society.
chieftains
residence, Otsu
village
YAYOI PERIOD
Humbler
Excavated Yayoi
residence, Otsu
village
YAYOI PERIOD
S U R FA C E
D W E L L I N G S the
dwellings werebuilt on
the surface instead of at
subdiluvial
level.
A
double skirting wall of
30
cm
was
first
builtaround the building
and then the space
between the walls filled
in with earth. This
techniqueprobably
worked tokeepout the
damp.Technically, the
YAYOI PERIOD
At Tawaramoto Town in Nara
prefecture,
theKarako-Kagi
ruins consists of a Ya y o i
E R A T O W E R that is a
two-storey
building
(12.5
metershigh and 4 meters by
5 meters) The towers four
main pillars were constructed
of cedar wood and were 50
cm in diameter.
YAYOI PERIOD
At Yoshinogari, the largest of Yayoi sites in Japan, there is
evidence that many large residences for local chiefs and
leaders, meeting and ceremonial halls, raised floor
granaries were constructed. It is thought that many
structures
such
as
W AT C H T O W E R S
and
the
E N C L O S I N G PA L I S A D E S (fences with sharp stakes)
had been constructed for defensive purposes.
Reconst
ructed
Reconstru
watchto
cted
wer
Yoshinoga
building
ri village,
,
Ceremoni
Yoshino
al hall
gari site
(Left),
Watchtow
er (Right)
KUFON PERIOD
While commoners continued to live in pit dwellings similar
to those of the Jomon and Yayoi eras, important and
wealthier people built larger and even multi-storied
buildings for themselves, often in fenced-around
compounds that separated the ruling elite from the
common people. Palace-like residences came to be built as
royal estates were being established during the Kofun age
not only in the city or town centers, but also in the outlying
provinces.
But the raised floors used in storehouses became
incorporated into the residences of local chieftains and
other high-ranking persons. The raised floor dwelling
became a mark of social status for Kofun people in western
Japan and the Osaka area. Decorative features of
architecture diversified taking onmany experimental
forms.
KUFON PERIOD
Japanese
Architectural
Characters
A rc h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r
A rc h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r
ROOF
The upper part of the roof is
terminated by a gable placed
vertically above the end walls,
known as an 'lrimoya gable, while
the lower part of the main roof is
carried round the ends of the
building in a hipped form.
Kibitsu-zukuri
Also called hiyoku irimoya-zukuri
( , paired wing hip-andstyle)
- gable
a roof
traditional
Japanese Shinto
architectural
style
characterized by
four
dormer
gables, two per
lateral side, on
the roof of a very
large
HONDEN
(sanctuary)
R O O F
Roof coverings can
be thatch, shingles
or tiles.
Thatched roofs often
have prominent ridge of
tiles
with
an
exaggerated
cresting,
or the ridge may be of
stout bamboos, tied
with blackened rope and
terminated with finials.
R O O F
Tiled
roofs
have
flattish and roll t iles
alternately,
while
cover tiles, often of
decorative form are
used to mask joints at
the eaves. Ridges and
hips are made up of
layers of tiles set in
mortar, finished with
large moulded tile
capping
and
R O O F
Ridges and hips are made
up of layers of tiles set in
mortar, finished with large
moulded tile capping and
cresting's. A lower roof
known as "Hisashi" Is
sometimes projected below
the eaves of the main roof.
Hollowed bamboos, are
used to form roof gutters
and pipes. Gables ends
often have cusped bargeboards with pendants .
R O O F
Traditional Houses
C O LU M N S
Follows the Chinese form,
are
conspicuous
in
Japanese temples and in
facades
to-places
and
gateways.
intercolumniation
is
regulated by the standard
of measurement known as
the 'KEN' which is divided
into twenty parts, termed,
minutes, and each minute
being again divided into a
further twenty two parts or
seconds of space.
C O LU M N S
Columns when square, are panelled and
when round or octagonal are reeded and
often richly lacquered. Even when plain,
columns are objects of beauty as timber
was split by wedges and smoothed with a
spear-shaped plane known as 'Yariganna'
which left a beautiful finish.
Most houses are constructed of woodframing with wood or stout paper infilling,
which in an earthquake shock is much
safer than stone or brick construction.
C O LU M N S
Curved
brackets
(Kumo-Hijiki) adorn
the underside of
the
overhanging
eaves.
C O LU M N S
Temple walling is a strictly
trabeated arrangement of timber
posts and rails dividing surfaces
into regular oblong spaces, filled in
with plaster, boarding, or carved
and painted panels.
Trabeated - the beam forms the
constructive feature.
Native Japanese
Architecture
N a t i v e J a p a n e s e a r c h i t e c t u re
N a t i v e J a p a n e s e a r c h i t e c t u re
N a t i v e J a p a n e s e a r c h i t e c t u re
C a m b e r - slight rise or
upward curve of an otherwise
horizontal structure.
E n t a s i s - a swelling or
curving outwards along the
outline of a column shaft
designed to counteract the
optical illusion which give a
shaft bounded by street lines
the appearance of curving
inside. (right)
N a t i v e J a p a n e s e a r c h i t e c t u re
N a t i v e J a p a n e s e a r c h i t e c t u re
N a t i v e J a p a n e s e a r c h i t e c t u re
N a t i v e J a p a n e s e a r c h i t e c t u re
Examples
TEMPLES
Shinto temples can be
distinguished
from
Buddhist
by
the
characteristic "T O R I I "
or g a t e w a y s formed by
upright posts supporting
two or more horizontal
beams, under which, it
was
considered,
worshippers must pass for
prayers to be effectual
TEMPLES
To s h o g u S h r i n e
TEMPLES
ISE SHRINE
TEMPLES
Buddhism foundations are entered through an
elaborate two-storeyed gateway, surmounted
by a monument room under and ornate roof.
TEMPLES
L o g g i a - an arcaded or roofed
gallery built into or projecting from the
side of a building particularly one over
looking an open court .
PAGODAS
- Pagodas in Japan are called t (pagoda),
sometimes b u t t (Buddhist pagoda) or t b a
(pagoda) and historically derive from the Chinese
pagoda, itself an interpretation of the Indian stupa.
- Square plan, mostly five-storeyed and about 45
meters (150 feet) in height. In construction they
are virtually suspended around a central timber,
thus providing a measure of stability against
earthquake shocks. The ground storey contains
images and shrines, while the upper storeys serve
as ' b e l v e d e r e s ' there are wide projecting roofs
to each storey and the subtle curvature
distinguishes them from Chinese examples.
*Belvederes - an open roofed gallery in an upper storey
built for giving view of the scenery.
PAGODAS
T - came to mean also "tower" in the western
sense.
example: Eiffel tower (Efferu-t).
Mokut - wood pagoda
Sekit - stone pagoda
sanj-no-t - pagodas with more than two
storeys
goj-no-t - five-storeyed pagoda
Tast - more than one storey pagodas
Tajt - multi-storied pagoda
Ken - pagoda's size unit of measurement
PAGODAS
Wooden five-story pagoda
of Hry-ji in Japan, built
in the 7th century, one of
the
oldest
wooden
buildings in the world.
HOUSES
Japanese houses are entered through a vestibule and have a
verandah, "(engawa"), living, dining and guest rooms, with a
recess for flowers and art treasures.
There are rooms for hosts and hostess, but not bedrooms in
the usual sense, no distinction being made between living and
sleeping apartments because all bedding, the threefold
mattress and thick quilt called futon -are stored in closets
during the day.
Rooms are regulated in size by floor mats or 'Tatami' used as
floor coverings, and measuring one 'ken' about 1.8 m (6ft.) by
a half ken
A typical middle-class dwelling, except where a central court is
introduced, is planned as a simple rectangle.
*BONSAI Plant
or dwarf tree is
an almost
perfect
reflection of
Japanese
culture. Two to
three feet tall,
and epitomizes
the beauty of
nature. A tree
can easily be
100 or 200
Tea Houses
Tea Houses
Tea Houses
Bath Houses
Bath Houses