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Waves
Frequency
Wavelength
Long waves
3-300 KHz
Medium Waves 300-3000 KHz
10 1 Km
1000 100 m
Short waves
VHF waves
3-30 MHz
30 300 MHz
100 -10 m
10 1 m
Microwaves
0.3 30 GHz
100 1 Cm
Millimeter-waves
30 300 GHz
10 1 mm
Transmission Line
Theory
Introduction:
In an electronic system, the delivery
of power requires the connection of two
wires between the source and the load. At
low frequencies, power is considered to be
delivered to the load through the wire.
In the microwave frequency region,
power is considered to be in electric and
magnetic fields that are guided from place
to place by some physical structure. Any
physical structure that will guide an
electromagnetic wave place to place is
called a Transmission Line.
Transmission-Line Theory
Lumped circuits: resistors, capacitors,
inductors
Transmission Line
2 conductors
4 per-unit-length parameters:
C = capacitance/length [F/m]
L = inductance/length [H/m]
R = resistance/length [/m]
G = conductance/length [ /m or S/m]
Coaxial Cable
Here we present a case study of one particular transmission line,
a
b
Find
r ,
C, L, G, R
+++++++
----------
v z, t
z
i(z,t)
R z
Lz
i(z+z,t)
+
+
v(z,t)
-
Gz
Cz
v(z+z,t)
z
R z
Lz
i(z+z,t)
+
+
v(z,t)
-
Gz
Cz
v(z+z,t)
z
i ( z , t )
v( z , t ) v( z z , t ) i ( z , t ) Rz Lz
t
v( z z , t )
i ( z , t ) i ( z z , t ) v( z z , t ) G z C z
t
10
Coaxial
cable
From Gausss law:
l 0
l 0
E
0 r
a
b
l0
-l0
V VAB E dr
A
E d
a
l 0
b
ln
2 0 r a
11
Coaxial
cable
Hence
l 0 1
l 0
ln
0 r
Q
C
V
a
b
We then
have
l0
-l0
2 0 r
C
b
ln
a
[F/m]
12
h = 1 [m]
I
Coaxial
cable
Magnetic flux:
I
0 r
2
I
I
center conductor
(1) B d
a
13
h = 1 [m]
0 r
a
Coaxial
cable
Hence
H d
a
0 r
I
d
2
I
b
ln
2 a
1 b
0 r
ln
I
2 a
0 r
L
ln
2
[H/m]
14
0 r b
L
ln
2
a
[F/m]
Z 0 0
0
r 1
ln
r 2
[H/m]
b
[ ]
a
0
376.7303 []
0
15
Coaxial
cable
From Gausss law:
l 0
l 0
E
0 r
a
b
l0
-l0
V VAB E dr
A
E d
a
l 0
b
ln
2 0 r a
16
a
b
J E
l0
I leak J
(1) 2 a
2 a E
-l0
We then
have
l 0
2 a
a
0 r
G
l 0
b
ln
2 0 r a
I leak
G
V
or
l 0
2 a
a
0 r
2
G
[S/m]
b
ln
a
17
Find
R (resistance / length)
R Ra Rb
Coaxial
cable
2 a
Ra Rsa
Rb Rsb
2 b
b , rb
a , ra
Rsa
a
b
1
a a
2
0 ra a
Rsb
1
b b
2
0 rb b
18
lossless
0
r 1 b
ln []
r 2 a
r , r
a
1
1
R Rsa
Rsb
a
2
Twinlead
Z 0lossless
r
h
cosh 1 []
r
2a
h
2a
R Rs
a h 2
2a
h
a
r , r
19
incident
Bend
reflected
Z0
ZL
20
Z0
ZL
21
[F/m]
0 r b
L
ln
2
a
[H/m]
LC 0 0 r r
This result actually holds for any transmission line.
22
a
b
CAT 5 cable
(twisted pair)
25
E H* dS 0
Pt Re
S
reflected
incident
S
h
Microstrip
Stripline
w
h
Coplanar strips
3 (2g + w)
4h minimum
w
37
Microstrip line
38
Waveguiding Structures
A waveguiding structure is one that carries
a signal (or power) from one point to
another.
There are three common types:
Transmission lines
Fiber-optic guides
Waveguides
Waveguides
Properties
Has a single hollow metal pipe
Can propagate a signal only at high
frequency: > c
The width must be at least one-half of a
wavelength
Has signal distortion, even in the lossless
case
Immune to interference
Can handle large amounts of power
Has low loss (compared with a transmission
line)
Has either Ez or Hz component of the fields
(TMz or TEz)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveguide_(electromagnetism)
41
Fiber-Optic Guide
Properties
Uses a dielectric rod
Can propagate a signal at any
frequency (in theory)
Can be made very low loss
Has minimal signal distortion
Very immune to interference
Not suitable for high power
Has both Ez and Hz components of the
fields
42
Coaxial feed
Aperture coupled fee
Electromagnetic
coupling
MICROSTRIP PATCH
ANTENNA
Dielectric Constant
2.2 12
<<
where is the free space
wavelength
Height of the substrate
h<
<
Usually 0.003 h 0.005