Chapter 6

Energy and Chemical Change

Brady and Senese

5th Edition

Index
6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work
6.2 Internal energy is the total energy of an objects molecules
6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes
6.4 Energy is absorbed or released during most chemical reac
tions
6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or cons
tant pressure
6.6 Thermochemical equations are chemical equations that qua
ntitatively include heat
6.7 Thermochemical equations can be combined because enthal
py is a state function
6.8 Tabulated standard heats of reaction can be used to predic
t any heat of reaction using Hesss law

Energy is the Ability to do Work

Energy is the ability to do work (move mass over
a distance) or transfer heat
Types: kinetic and potential
Kinetic - the energy of motion
Potential - the stored energy in matter

Internal energy (E) - the sum of the kinetic and

potential energy for each particle in the system

6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work

Kinetic Energy: The Energy of Motion

KE = mv2
Energy can be transferred by moving particles
Collision of fast particles with slower particles
causes the slow particle to speed up while the
fast molecule slows
This is why hot water cools in contact with cool air

6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work

Potential Energy Depends on Position

Potential energy increases when:
Objects that attract move apart, or
Objects that repel move toward each other

Stored energy that can be converted to kinetic

energy

6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work

Your Turn!
Which of the following is not a form of kinetic energy?
A. A pencil rolls across a desk
B. A pencil is sharpened
C. A pencil is heated
D. All are forms of kinetic energy
E. None are forms of kinetic energy

6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created
or destroyed, but can be
transformed from one
form of energy to another
Also known as the first law
of thermodynamics
How does water falling over a
waterfall demonstrate this
law?

6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work

Heat and Temperature are Not the Same

The temperature of an object is proportional to
the average kinetic energy of its particlesthe
higher the average kinetic energy, the higher the
temperature
Heat is energy (also called thermal energy)
transferred between objects caused by differences
in their temperatures until they reach thermal
equilibrium

6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work

Units of Energy
SI unit is the Joule, J
J = kgm/s2
If the calculated value is greater than 1000 J, use the
kJ

Another unit is the calorie, cal

cal = 4.184 J (exact)

Nutritional unit is the Calorie (note capital C),

which is one kilocalorie
1 Cal = 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ

6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work

Internal Energy is Conserved

1st Law of Thermodynamics: For an isolated system
the internal energy (E) is constant:
E = Ef - Ei = 0
E = Eproduct - Ereactant = 0
We cant measure the internal energy of anything, so
we measure the changes in energy
E is a state function

6.2 Internal energy is the total energy of an objects molecules

10

What is Temperature?
Temperature (T) is proportional to the average
kinetic energy of all particle units: C, F, K
KEaverage= mvaverage2

At a high temperature, most molecules are moving at

higher average

6.2 Internal energy is the total energy of an objects molecules

11

State Function
A property whose value depends only on the present
state of the system, not on the method or mechanism
used to arrive at that state
Position is a state function: both train and car travel to
the same locations although their paths vary
The actual distance traveled does vary with path
New
York

Los
Angeles
6.2 Internal energy is the total energy of an objects molecules

12

Heat Transfer is a State Function

Transfer of heat during a reaction is a state function.
The route taken to arrive at the products does not
affect the amount of heat that is transferred.
The number of steps does not affect the amount of
heat that is transferred.

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

13

Heat Transfer, q
Heat (q) - the transfer of energy from regions of
high temperature to regions of lower temperature
Units: J, cal, kgm2/s2
A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of 1.00 g water from 14.5 to 15.5 C

A metal spoon at 25 C is placed in boiling water.

What happens?

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

14

Surroundings / System / Universe

System - the reaction or area under study
Surroundings - the rest of the universe
Open systems can gain or lose mass and energy
across their boundaries
i.e. the human body

Closed systems can absorb or release energy, but

not mass, across the boundary
i.e. a light bulb

Isolated systems (adiabatic) cannot exchange

matter or energy with their surroundings
i.e. a closed Thermos bottle
6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

15

The Sign Convention

Endothermic systems require energy to be added
to the system, thus the q is (+)
Exothermic reactions release energy to the
surroundings. Their q is (-)
Energy changes are measured from the point of
view of the system

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

16

Your Turn!
A cast iron skillet is moved from a hot oven to a sink
full of water. Which of the following is not true?
A. The water heats
B. The skillet cools
C. The heat transfer for the skillet has a (-) sign
D. The heat transfer for the skillet is the same as
the heat transfer for the water
E. None of these are untrue

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

17

Heat Capacity and Transfer

Heat capacity (C) - the (extensive) ability of an
object with constant mass to absorb heat.
Calorimeter constant
Varies with the sample mass and the identity of the
substance
Units: J C-1

q = C t
q = heat transferred
C = heat capacity of object
t = Change in Temperature (tfinal - tinitial)
6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

18

Learning Check
A cup of water is used in an experiment. Its heat
capacity is known to be 720 J C-1. How much heat
will it absorb if the experimental temperature changed
from 19.2 C to 23.5 C?
q = C t
q = 720 J C-1 (23.5 - 19.2 C)
q = 3.1 103 J

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

19

Heat Transfer and Specific Heat

Specific heat (s) - The intensive ability of a
substance to store heat.
C=ms
Units: J g-1 C-1 or J g-1 K-1 or J mol-1 K-1
q = m t s
q = heat transferred
m = mass of object
t = change in temperature (tfinal - tinitial)

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

20

Specific Heats
Substances with high
specific heats resist
temperature changes
Note that water has a
very high specific heat
This is why coastal
temperatures are
different from inland
temperatures.

Substance

Specific Heat
J g-1 C-1
(25 C)

Carbon (graphite)

0.711

Copper

0.387

Ethyl alcohol

2.45

Gold

0.129

Granite

0.803

Iron

0.4498

Lead

0.128

Olive oil

2.0

Silver

0.235

Water (liquid)

4.18

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

21

Learning Check
Calculate the specific heat of a metal if it takes 235 J to
raise the temperature of a 32.91 g sample by 2.53 C.

q m s t
q
235 J
J
s

2.82
m t 32.91 g 2.53 C
g C

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

22

The First Law of Thermodynamics Explains

Heat Transfer
If we monitor the heat transfers (q) of all
materials involved and all work processes, we
can predict that their sum will be zero
By monitoring the surroundings, we can predict
what is happening to our system
Heat transfers until thermal equilibrium, thus the
final temperature is the same for all materials

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

23

Learning Check
A 43.29 g sample of solid is transferred from boiling
water (t = 99.8 C) to 152 g water at 22.5 C in a
coffee cup. The twater rose to 24.3 C. Calculate the
specific heat of the solid.
qsample+ qwater + qcup= 0
qcup is neglected in problem
qsample = -qwater
qsample = m s t
qsample = 43.29 g s (24.3 - 99.8 C)
qwater = 152 g 4.184 J g-1 C-1 (24.3 22.5 C)
43.29 g s (24.3 - 99.8 C) = -(152 g 4.184 J g -1 C-1 (24.3 22.5 C))
s (-3.27 103) g-1 C-1 = -1.14 103 J
s = 0.349 J g-1 C-1
6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

24

Your Turn!
What is the heat capacity of the container if 100. g
of water (s = 4.184 J g-1 C-1) at 100. C are added
to 100. g of water at 25 C in the container and the
final temperature is 61 C?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

870 J/C
35 J/C
-35 J/C
-870 J/C
None of these

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

25

Chemical Potential Energy

Chemical bond - net attractive forces that bind atomic
nuclei and electrons together
Exothermic reactions form stronger bonds in the
product than in the reactant and release energy
Endothermic reactions break stronger bonds than they
make and require energy

6.4 Energy is absorbed or released during most chemical reactions

26

Work and Pistons

Pressure = force/area
If the container
volume changes, the
pressure changes
Work = -P V
Units: L atm
1 L atm = 101 J

In expansion, V > 0,
and is exothermic
Work is done by the
system in expansion
6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure

27

How does work relate to reactions?

Work = Force Distance
Is most often due to the expansion or contraction
of a system due to changing moles of gas.
Gases push against the atmospheric pressure , so
Psystem = -Patm
w = -Patm V
The deployment of an airbag is one example of
this process.
1C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
6 moles of gas 7 moles of gas
6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure

28

Learning Check: P-V work

Ethyl chloride is prepared by reaction of ethylene with HCl.
How much P-V work (in J) is done if 89.5 g ethylene and 125 g
of HCl are allowed to react at atmospheric pressure and the
volume change is -71.5 L? (1 L atm = 101 J)
w = -1atm -71.5 L = 71.5 Latm
w = 7.22 103 J
Calculate the work (in kilojoules) done during a synthesis of
ammonia in which the volume contracts from 8.6 L to 4.3 L at a
constant external pressure of 44 atm.
w = -44 atm (4.3 - 8.6) L = 19 Latm

w = 19 kJ

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure

29

Energy can be Transferred as Heat and Work

E = q + w
Internal
energy
changes are
state functions

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure

30

Your Turn!
When TNT is combusted in air, it is according to the
following reaction:
4C6H2(NO2)3CH3(s) + 17O2(g) 24CO2(g) + 10H2O(l) + 6N2(g)

The reaction will do work for all of these reasons except:

A. The moles of gas increase
B. The volume of gas increases
C. The pressure of the gas increases
D. None of these

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure

31

Calorimetry is Used to Measure Heats of

Reaction
Heat of reaction - the amount of heat absorbed or
released in a chemical reaction
Calorimeter - an apparatus used to measure
temperature changes in materials surrounding a
reaction that result from a chemical reaction
From the temperature changes we can calculate the
heat of the reaction, q
qv; heat measured under constant volume conditions
qp: heat measured under constant pressure conditions
qp: termed enthalpy, H
6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure

32

Internal Energy is Measured with a Bomb

Calorimeter
Used for reactions
in which there is
change in the
number of moles of
gas present
Measures qv
Immovable walls
mean that work is
zero
E = qv
6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure

33

Learning Check: Bomb Calorimeter

A sample of 500. mg naphthalene (C10H8) is combusted
in a bomb calorimeter containing 1000. g of water. The
temperature of the water increases from 20.00 C to
24.37 C. The calorimeter constant is 420 J/C. What
is the change in internal energy for the reaction? swater =
4.184 J/gC
qv reaction + qwater + qcal = 0 by the first law
qwater= 1000. g (24.37 - 20.00) C 4.184 J/gC
qcal= 420 J/g (24.37 - 20.00) C
qv reaction = E = -2.0 104 J
6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure

34

Enthalpy of Combustion
When one mole of a fuel substance is reacted
with elemental oxygen, a combustion reaction
can be written
Is always negative
Learning Check: What is the equation
associated with the enthalpy of combustion of
C6H12O6(s)?
C6H12O6(s) + 9O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure

35

Your Turn!
A 252 mg sample of benzoic acid, C6H5CO2H, is
combusted in a bomb calorimeter containing 814 g
water at 20.00 C. The reaction increases the
temperature of the water to 21.70 C. What is the
internal energy released by the process?
qw + qcal + qv reaction = 0; qcal is ignored by the problem
A. -711 J
qv reaction = -qw = -814 g (21.70 - 20.00) C 4.184 J g-1 C-1
B. -2.85 J
qv reaction= -5789 J
C. +711 J
D. +2.85 J
E. None of these -5.79 kJ
swater = 4.184 J/g C

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure

36

Enthalpy Change (H)

Enthalpy is the heat transferred at constant
pressure
H = qp
E = qp - PV = H - PV
H = Hfinal - Hinitial
H = Hproduct - Hreactant

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure

37

Enthalpy Measured in a Coffee Cup Calorimeter

When no change in moles of gas is
expected, we may use a coffee cup
calorimeter
The open system allows the pressure
to remain constant
Thus we measure qp
E = qp + w or E = H PV
Since there is no change in the moles
of gas present, there is no work
Thus we also are measuring E

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure

38

Learning Check: Coffee Cup Calorimetry

When 50.0 mL of 0.987 M H2SO4 is added to 50.0 mL of 1.00 M
NaOH at 25.0 C in a coffee cup calorimeter, the temperature of
the aqueous solution increases to 31.7 C. Calculate heat for the
reaction per mole of limiting reactant.
Assume that the specific heat of the solution is 4.18 J/gC, the density is 1.00 g/mL,
and that the calorimeter itself absorbs a negligible amount of heat

H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) 2H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq)

mol H2SO4 = 0.0494 mol

qp rxn + qcal + qsoln = 0,

mol NaOH = 0.0500 mol, is limiting

thus qp rxn = -qsoln

qsoln = 100 g soln (31.7 - 25.0) C 4.18 J/gC

qp rxn = -2.8 103 J

qp rxn = -5.6 104 J

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure

39

Your Turn!
A sample of 50.00 mL of 0.125 M HCl at 22.36 C is
added to a 50.00 mL of 0.125 M Ca(OH)2 at 22.36 C.
The calorimeter constant was 72 J g-1 C-1. The
temperature of the solution (s = 4.184 J g-1 C-1, d = 1.00
g/mL) climbed to 23.30 C. Which of the following is
not true?
A. qcal = 67.7 J
B. qsolution = 393.3 J
C. qrxn = 461.0 J
D. qrxn = -461.0 J
E. None of these
6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure

40

Calorimetry Overview
The equipment used depends on the reaction type.
If there will be no change in the moles of gas, we
may use a coffee-cup calorimeter or a closed
system. Under these circumstances, we measure qp.
If there is a large change in the moles of gas, we use
a bomb calorimeter to measure qv.

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure

41

Thermochemical Equations
Relate the energy of a reaction to the quantities
involved
Must be balanced, but may use fractional coefficients
Quantities are presumed to be in moles
Example:
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)
H = -393.5 kJ

6.6 Thermochemical equations are chemical equations that quantitatively include heat

42

Learning Check
2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
H = -2511 kJ
The reactants (acetylene and oxygen) have 2511 kJ more
energy than the products. How many kJ are released for 1
mol C2H2?
1256 kJ

6.6 Thermochemical equations are chemical equations that quantitatively include heat

43

Learning Check
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)
H = 2816 kJ
How many kJ are required for 44 g CO2 (molar mass =
44.01 g/mol)?
470 kJ
If 100. kJ are provided, what mass of CO2 can be
converted to glucose?
9.38 g

6.6 Thermochemical equations are chemical equations that quantitatively include heat

44

Learning Check: Calorimetry of Chemical

Reactions
The meals-ready-to-eat (MRE) in the military can be heated on
a flameless heater. Assume the reaction in the heater is
Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + H2(g)
H = -353 kJ
What quantity of magnesium is needed to supply the heat
required to warm 25 mL of water from 25 to 85 C? Specific
heat of water = 4.184 J g-1 C-1. Assume the density of the
solution is the same as for water at 25 C, 1.00 g mL-1

masssoln = 25 mL 1.00 g mL-1 = 25 g

qsoln = 25 g (85 - 25) C 4.184 J g-1 C-1 = 6.3 103 J

(6.3 kJ)(1 mol Mg/353 kJ)(24.3 g mol-1 Mg) = 0.43 g
6.6 Thermochemical equations are chemical equations that quantitatively include heat

45

Your Turn!
Consider the thermite reaction. The reaction is initiated
by the heat released from a fuse or reaction The enthalpy
change is -848 kJ mol-1 Fe2O3 at 298 K.
2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)
What mass of Fe (molar mass: 55.847 g mol-1) is made
when 500 kJ are released?
A. 65.9 g
B. 0.587 g
C. 32.8 g
D. None of these
6.6 Thermochemical equations are chemical equations that quantitatively include heat

46

Learning Check: Ethyl Chloride Reaction

Revisited
Ethyl chloride is prepared by reaction of ethylene
with HCl:
C2H4(g) + HCl(g) C2H5Cl(g) H = -72.3 kJ
What is the value of E if 89.5 g ethylene and 125 g
of HCl are allowed to react at atmospheric pressure
and the volume change is -71.5 L?
mol HCl: 3.43 mol
mol C2H4: 3.19 mol, is limiting
Hrxn =3.19mol -72.3 kJ/mol w = -1 atm -71.5 L
= 71.5 Latm = 7.222 kJ
=-230.6 kJ
E= -230.6kJ+7.2kJ= -223 kJ
Ethylene = 28.05 g/mol;

HCl = 36.46 g/mol

6.6 Thermochemical equations are chemical equations that quantitatively include heat

47

Enthalpy Diagram

6.7 Thermochemical equations can be combined because enthalpy is a state function

48

Hesss Law
The overall enthalpy change for a reaction is equal to
the sum of the enthalpy changes for individual steps in
the reaction
For example:
2Fe(s) + 3/2O2(g) Fe2O3(s)
H = -822.2 kJ
Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) Al2O3(s) + 2Fe(s) H = -848 kJ
3/2O2(g) + 2Al(s) Al2O3(s) H = -822.2 kJ + -848 kJ
-1670 kJ
6.7 Thermochemical equations can be combined because enthalpy is a state function

49

Rules for Adding Thermochemical Reactions

1. When an equation is reversedwritten in the
opposite directionthe sign of H must also be
reversed.
2. Formulas canceled from both sides of an
equation must be for the substance in identical
physical states.
3. If all the coefficients of an equation are
multiplied or divided by the same factor, the
value of H must likewise be multiplied or
divided by that factor.
6.7 Thermochemical equations can be combined because enthalpy is a state function

50

Strategy for Adding Reactions Together

1. Choose the most complex compound in the
equation (1)
2. Choose the equation (2 or 3 or) that contains
the compound
3. Write this equation down so that the compound
is on the appropriate side of the equation and has
an appropriate coefficient for our reaction
4. Look for the next most complex compound

6.7 Thermochemical equations can be combined because enthalpy is a state function

51

Hesss Law (Cont.)

5. Choose an equation that allows you to cancel
intermediates and multiply by an appropriate
coefficient
6. Add the reactions together and cancel like terms
7. Add the energies together, modifying the
enthalpy values in the same way that you
modified the equation

If you reversed an equation, change the sign on the

enthalpy
If you doubled an equation, double the energy
6.7 Thermochemical equations can be combined because enthalpy is a state function

52

Learning Check
How can we calculate the enthalpy change for the
reaction 2 H2(g) + N2(g) N2H4(g) using these
equations?
N2H4(g) + H2(g) 2NH3(g)

H = -187.8 kJ

3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g)

H = -92.4 kJ

Reverse the first reaction (and change sign)

2NH3(g) N2H4(g) + H2(g)

H = +187.8 kJ

Add the second reaction (and add the enthalpy)

3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g)
H = -92.4 kJ
2
2NH3(g) + 3H2(g) + N2(g) N2H4(g) + H2(g) + 2NH3(g)
2H2(g) + N2(g) N2H4(g)

(187.8 - 92.4) = +95.4 kJ

6.7 Thermochemical equations can be combined because enthalpy is a state function

53

Learning Check
Calculate H for 2C(s) + H2(g) C2H2(g) using:
2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) H = -2599.2 kJ
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)
H = -393.5 kJ
H2O(l) H2(g) + O2(g)
H = +285.9 kJ
-(2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) H = -2599.2)
2CO2(g) + H2O(l) C2H2(g) + 5/2O2(g)

2(C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)

2C(s)+ 2O2(g) 2CO2(g)

-1(H2O(l) H2(g) + O2(g)

H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l)

H = 1299.6

H = -393.5 kJ)
H = -787.0 kJ

H = +285.9 kJ)
H = -285.9 kJ

2C(s)6.7+Thermochemical
H2(g) C
H = +226.7 kJ54
2H2(g)
equations
can be combined because enthalpy is a state function

Your Turn!
What is the energy of the following process:
6A + 9B + 3D + F 2G
Given that:
C A + 2B
H = 20.2 kJ/mol
2C + D E + B
H = 30.1 kJ/mol
3E + F 2G
H = -80.1 kJ/mol
A. 70.6 kJ
B. -29.8 kJ
C. -111.0 kJ
D. None of these
6.7 Thermochemical equations can be combined because enthalpy is a state function

55

State Matters!
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
H = -2043 kJ

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

H = -2219 kJ

Note that there is a difference in energy because

the states do not match
If H2O(l) H2O(g) H = 44 kJ/mol
4H2O(l) 4H2O(g) H = 176 kJ/mol
-2219 + 176 kJ = -2043 kJ
6.8 Tabulated standard heats of reaction can be used to predict any heat of reaction using
Hesss law

56

Standard State
Most stable form of the pure substance at
1 atm pressure
Stated temperature. If temperature is not specified,
assume 25 C
Solutions are 1 M in concentration.
Measurements made under standard state conditions
have the mark: H
Most H values are given for the most stable form
of the compound or element.

6.8 Tabulated standard heats of reaction can be used to predict any heat of reaction using
Hesss law

57

Determining the Most Stable State

The most stable form of a substance:
below the melting point is solid
above the boiling point is gas
between these temperatures is liquid

What is the standard state of GeH4?

mp -165 C
bp -88.5 C

gas

What is the standard state of GeCl4?

mp -49.5 C
bp 84 C

liquid

6.8 Tabulated standard heats of reaction can be used to predict any heat of reaction using
Hesss law

58

Allotropes
Are substances that have more than one form in
the same physical state
You should know which form is the most stable
C, P, O and S all have multiple allotropes.
Which is the standard state for each?

C solid, graphite
P solid, white
O gas, O2
S solid, rhombic

6.8 Tabulated standard heats of reaction can be used to predict any heat of reaction using
Hesss law

59

Enthalpy of Formation
Enthalpy of formation is the enthalpy change Hf
for the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its
standard state from elements in their standard states
Note: Hf = 0 for an element in its standard state
Learning Check:
What is the equation that describes the formation of
CaCO3(s)?

Ca(s) + C(graphite) + 3/2O2(g) CaCO3(s)

6.8 Tabulated standard heats of reaction can be used to predict any heat of reaction using
Hesss law

60

Calculating H for Reactions Using Hf

Hrxn = [sum of Hf of all products]
[sum of Hf of all reactants]
2Fe(s) + 6H2O(l) 2Fe(OH)3(s) + 3H2(g)
0

-285.8

-696.5

Hrxn = 321.8 kJ

CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) 2O2(g) + CH4(g)

-393.5 -285.8
0
-74.8
Hrxn = 890.3 kJ
6.8 Tabulated standard heats of reaction can be used to predict any heat of reaction using
Hesss law

61

Your Turn!
What is the enthalpy for the following reaction?
2H2CO3(aq)
Hf -699.65
kJ/mol

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

+ 2OH-(aq)
-230.0
kJ/mol

96.5 kJ
-96.5 kJ
48.2 kJ
-48.2 kJ
None of these

2H2O(l)
-285.9
kJ/mol

2HCO3- (aq)
-691.99
kJ/mol