EverySocietyAnswers

4QuestionsConcerningSchooling:
1.Whatistheprimarypurposeofschooling?
Metaphysics
2.Howdostudentslearnbest?

Epistemology
Axiology

3.Whatarethemostimportantknowledgeandskillsthat
studentsmustbeknowandbeabletodo?
4.Whatistheroleoftheteacher?

The Ancients

Ancient China

GeneralIdeas:

ethicalsystembaseduponhierarchicalorderingof
relationships

human

emphasizedorderandstabilitythroughsubordination
peopleacceptdutiesthatcomewiththeirstation
prepareanelitetogovernaccordingtoConfucianprinciples
educationformalesonly
Metaphysical(reality/tobe)fulfillonesrole
Epistemology(truth)Confucianethics
Axiology(value)orderandrankedrelationships
3

Ancient Egypt
GeneralIdeas:
bothreligiousandsecularconcerns
thepersonfitintoacosmicorder,bornintoastation
educationforupperclassmalesonlyaccordingtofuture
occupations,particularlyfortrainingscribes
technologicalinventionsirrigation,calendarmummification,
medicine
Metaphysical(reality/tobe)thepersonfitintoanorder/station
Epistemology(truth)orderofthecosmosandPharaoh
Axiology(value)supernaturalandsecular
4

Ancient Greece
GeneralIdeas:5thCenturyGoldenAge
Socrates,Plato,Aristotle
universalprinciples,worldofperfectideas
knowthyselfthroughrationality
prepareforcitizenshiptotakeonesplaceinsociety
Socraticdialogue,liberaleducationforcivicpurposes
Metaphysical(reality/tobe)toberational,agoodcitizen
Epistemology(truth)universalandeternal
Axiology(value)tobeavirtuouscitizen,striveformoral
excellence
5

Ancient Rome
GeneralIdeas:
useofrhetoricinserviceofselfandstate
recognitionofindividualtalents&differences
developcivicresponsibility,administrative&militaryskills
emphasisonpracticaleducation
Metaphysical(reality/tobe)inserviceofthestate
Epistemology(truth)practicalneedsoftheempire
Axiology(value)publicorator,servant,preservationofempire
***ContributionLiberalArts
6

EducationalPhilosophy
Orhere?

Ismytentin
theright
placehere?

Liberal

Conservative

Modern

Traditional

FortheIndividual

FortheState
7

St. Benedict of
450550AD
Nursia

TheWesternWorldhadfallenintobarbarism
OraetLabora(prayer,study,work)
Copiedandpreservedthegreatworksoftheancientsforfuture
8
generations

Medieval
Culture

PeriodbetweenFallofRome&Renaissance5001400
beganwithadeclineinlearningmanytextswerelost
laterrevivaloflearningScholasticism
(religiousphilosophyusingbothfaith&reasontoknow)

formaleducationbyparish&monasticschools,cathedral
schools,merchant&craftguilds
Feudalism

King
Lords
Priests
Knights
Serfs

Universitas

Medieval
Culture

Paris,Bologna,Salerno,Oxford,
Cambridge
SevenLiberalArts:
Trivium=grammar,rhetoric,logic
Quadtrivium=arithmetic,geometry,music,astronomy
BachelorsofArts4years(afterexaminations)
MastersofArts2years(thesis=publiclydefendagainstallcomers)
Doctorate34years(dissertation&defense=originalscholarlywork)
10

Medieval
Culture

MedievalPhilosophy

Theology=thescienceofallsciences

ThomasAquinascombinedbothfaith/scripture/doctrine&
Aristotelianreasonintoonephilosophy
DominicanTheologian,taughtattheUniversityofParis,used
scripturesandAristotelianlogictofindtruth
SummaTheologicaprovedtheexistenceofGodasthefirst
mover

11

Medieval
Culture

Godhadaconceptoftheperfectperson=essence

Eachindividualhadhis/herownpersonalqualities=being
TheobjectofeachChristianwastoattainhis/heressenceortobe
asmuchlikeGodsperfectpersonaspossible.
Nopersoncoulddiscoverhis/heressenceonlyusingreason,but
alsoneededfaithtounderstandtheiressence.
Reasonbecamethetoolthatanindividualusedtoaccomplishthe
tasksthatGodhadsetforhim/her.

12

Medieval
Culture

Metaphysics?Anindividualhasbothasoul&body
Epistemology?Discoveredthroughbothfaith&reason
Axiology?Tofindonesessenceandeternallife
Education?Basedonbothfaith&reason
Teacher?Amoralagentwhorecognizesbothbody&soulofa
student
Howdidyourschooldothat?
Areschoolswhodothisthebesttypeofeducation?
Canpublicschoolteachershaveasimilarroleinschools?
13

EducationalPhilosophy
Orhere?

Ismytentin
theright
placehere?

Liberal

Conservative

Modern

Traditional

FortheIndividual

FortheState
14

Renaissance

(14th & 15th Centuries)

1500-1600

15

Renaissance
Men
1500-1504

14511506

14491492
14751564

14781535
14521519

16

14831520

Renaissance
(14th & 15th Centuries)

RejectedScholasticism&renewedinterestintheGreek&Latin
classicsatimeknownforClassicalHumanism(interestin
earthlyexperienceallthingshumanv.theology)
Italygreatwealthfromcommercesupportedclassical
humanisticschools
boardingschoolsforboys820yrs.
emphasizeddoctrineofcourtesymanners,grace,dignity
wellrounded,liberallyeducated,featuredclassicalGreek&Latinliterature
educationlimitedtotheelite
17

Renaissance
(14th & 15th Centuries)

DesideriusErasmusleadingclassicalscholaroftheperiod
educationshouldbeginasearlyaspossible
itshouldbegentleandincludegoodmanners
andcharacterdevelopment,politeness
shouldincludeplayandgames
advocatedtheuseofconversationinteachingliterature
1.Presentauthorsbiography
3.Discussthebasicplot

2.Identifythetypeofwork
4.Analyzetheauthorsstyle

5.Considerthemoralimplications

6.Exploretheworksbroaderphilosophicalissues
18

Renaissance
(14th & 15th Centuries)

Contributions:
tobeeducatedmeantknowledgeofclassicallanguages&
literature
ahumanistic(humancentered)view
lessscientificinquiryandmoreexplorationthroughliterature
inventionoftheprintingpressmadeinformationmoreaccessible
GutenbergBible

information
revolution
19

EducationalPhilosophy
Orhere?

Ismytentin
theright
placehere?

Liberal

Conservative

Modern

Traditional

FortheIndividual

FortheState
20

Religious
Reformation

GutenbergBible
1454

(16th & 17th Centuries)

21

Religious
Reformation

HumanismhadreplacedMedievalinstitutions(church)
(16th & 17th Centuries)
riseofmiddleclassmerchants
abusesofCatholicchurchsaleofindulgences
ledtoreligiousreformers

MartinLuthernailed95thesesondoorofWittenburgCathedral
wishedtofreehimselffrompapalauthority
believedpeopleshouldreadtheBiblethemselves
vernacularschoolsreading,writing,arithmetic,religion
schoolasareformagency
girlsandboysbothattendprimaryschool

22

Religious
Reformation
SchoolCodeofWurtemberg
(16th & 17th Centuries)

primaryvernacularschoolineveryvillage
reading,writing,arithmetic,religion,music
gymnasiumsprovideLatin&Greekclassicaleducationfor
youngmengoingonthetheuniversity
schoolingwastoadvancetheProtestantcause
childrenwereindoctrinatedwiththecorrectreligiousbeliefs
teachershadtobebelievers&werecarefullysupervised
23

Religious
Reformation
SchoolCodeofWurtemberg
(16th & 17th Centuries)

primaryvernacularschoolineveryvillage
reading,writing,arithmetic,religion,music
gymnasiumsprovideLatin&Greekclassicaleducationfor
youngmengoingonthetheuniversity
schoolingwastoadvancetheProtestantcause
childrenwereindoctrinatedwiththecorrectreligiousbeliefs
teachershadtobebelievers&werecarefullysupervised
24

Religious
Reformation
ToBe?Anindividualhasbothasoul&body
Truth?Bibleandreason
Value?Mansabilitytoknowandexercisefreewill

Education?Basedonbothfaith&reason
Teacher?Amoralagentwhorecognizesbothbody&soul
DualtracksystemeventuallybroughttotheUnitedStates
25

EducationalPhilosophy
Orhere?

Ismytentin
theright
placehere?

Liberal

Conservative

Modern

Traditional

FortheIndividual

FortheState
26

Education
Wealthy/Worthy

Masses

27