Dr. S.P.

Sivapirakasam

Associate
Associate Professor
Professor
Industrial
Safety
Industrial Safety Group
Group
Department
Department of
of Mechanical
Mechanical Engineering
Engineering
National
National Institute
Institute of
of Technology
Technology
Tiruchirappalli
Tiruchirappalli

How Safety Evolved?????

1900 : Invention and application of new tools for mass production brought danger.
Fatality due to industrial accidents were more than the world war .
Employers ignored the problem as a disabled worker could be easily

replaced and wages were low.

Workers and managers believed that accidents were inevitable.

Accident was considered as an "act of god(it was a time when people

believed that sickness was the result of evil spirits or a curse of god).

 1930 :-

Accelerated the upward trend of serious and fatal

injuries. The news papers became interested and
published more details about serious cases which made
public interest grew on safety.
1940 :Safety and productivity was looked as two sides of the
same coin.
productivity

Safety

1941 :-

Organization called American Conference of

Governmental Industrial Hygienists was formed.
1944:The Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances
(TLV-CS) Committee was established.
1948:Indian full factories act was passed and came into
force from 1st April,1949.
1970:OSH Administration, USA created NIOSH.

1980:-

Y
IT
AL
QU

sa
fe
ty

Awareness to eliminate or reduce the occupational diseases

was evolved.

PRODUCTIVITY
1996:-

ISO 14001 environment management system was evolved.

1999:The OHSAS 18001 standard was developed to bridge the
gap where no international standard existed for
occupational health and safety.

2010 onwards.
Now, Safety is looked as an integral part of business.
More focus has been made in implementing successful
Safety Management Safety and to improve safety culture

Traditional safety system and its focus

In a traditional safety system, focuses were made

to eliminate the unsafe act at the work place.
But, it failed to understand why the person
behaved unsafely.
This leads to the modern safety concept. That is
considering the behavioral aspect of employee
and its impact on safety and to find solution.

DuPont proved by research that:

Injury Causes

Percent

Injuries due to combination of Unsafe Behavior &

Conditions

96

Injuries due Unsafe Conditions

MODERN ACCIDENT CAUSATION MODEL

Thresold Limit

Lack
of
Control
Inadequat
e
System
Standards
Complianc
e

Basic
Causes
Personal,
Social, and
Environ
Factors

Immediate
Causes

Inciden
t

Unintende
d

Unsafe
behavior

Event
Job/System
Factors

Substandar
d
conditions

Loss

Harm
or
Damage

Class
Exercise

Think of your work place for a moment.

Think of some of the common hazards

or substandard practices that may go

around in your working place
Every where you have come across.
These are the hazards we tend to take

for granted because we see them so

often.
We just assume theyve always been
that way and we make adjustments to
work around them.

For example, it might be that frayed carpet

with the turned up corner, or the missing
piece of handrail on the staircase, or that
electrical cord in front of the machine.

List as many of these hazards as

you can think of
Mostly these hazards are due to unsafe behavior / job factors

How can we change this type of

BEHAVIOUR in a
workplace???????????????

Using the BBS

programme

A business succeeds or fails

through the performance of
all of its employees
Business is Behavior
SUCCCESS = Good Performance
FAILURE = Bad Performance
PERFORMANCE = Combined result of a
series of BEHAVIOURS

What is

BBS?

It is a scientific way to
understand why people
behave the way they do
when it comes to safety

Implementation of
BBS Programme
Observe unsafe behaviour Checklist
Pinpoint the Target behaviours
Look for positive reinforcement
Deliver Feedback for change

CHECKLIST

Measurement
System

Understand peoples behaviour is all

about looking for the drives behind their
behaviour
Personal Factor
Genetics ( Ancestry)
Bio- rythem( Shift work) Deficiency
(physical( hearing ability and color blindness,
mental(Normal, imbecile , moron and idiot)
Social Factor
Region (State, Race)
Rules (Road signal, No parking)
Environmental Factors
Confusing sensory(lighting, visual contrasts
Unfamiliar environment(new learning, perception)

Behavioral pattern
Repetitive - Motion of the activity they may

previously have carried out at work

Sarcastic -constantly criticise everyone around

him because the person feel inferior and thats

the only way he fells superior
Showy want to be famous because all this

actions helps him capture the attention he

wants
Stereotype (accident case study)

REINFORCEMENT
The behavioural patterns varies from
company to company so we need separate
solutions
Some suggestive measures:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.

Add value
Technological solution
Motivation reward, grading system
Self realisation
Make a plan and try it - Be creative .
If the new strategies you tried did not reduce the
changed behaviour as you had planned then try
other strategies

SELF
If BBS is properly
applied , then it is an
REALISATION

effective next step towards creating a

truly proactive safety culture where
loss prevention is a core value

Evolution of Safety Culture

GENERATIVE

Futur
e

Culture Ladder

HSE is how we do business

round here

PROACTIVE

Increasingly
informed
2000 onwards

After 2010

we work on the problems that

we still find

CALCULATIVE
we have systems in place to
manage all hazards

Nuclear
industries

REACTIVE
Safety is important, we do a lot
every time we have an accident

PATHOLOGICAL
who cares as long as were not
caught

Increasing
Trust/Accountabili
Early ty
1990s

E
R
E
WH

ARE

?
E
W

REACTIVE

PRO-ACTIVE

CULTURE

CULTURE
HAZARD
THREAT

CONTROL

CONTROL

Hazardous
Event

RECOVERY
Transformatio
n

Improved safety
system

TYPES OF SAFETY

Top-Down Approach

Down- Top Approach

MITIGATION
MEASURES
CONSEQUENCE

Proactive Vs Reactive Safety Culture

Characteristic
Reactive
Active
Incident investigation
Unsafe conditions &

ProRoot causes &

management system

focus

unsafe acts

Management safety
evaluation based on

Absence of injuries

Improving safety
systems

Activities oriented
towards

Physical hazards,
contests & gimmicks

Improving key system

elements & behaviour

Employee safety
meetings

Not well prepared

Safety training

Conducted in response to
regulatory requirements

Group recognition based

on

Safe work hours without

accident

Transformatio
n

Planned and educational

Planned & linked to
improved understanding
of system
Improving safety &
health

Safety Culture
Psychological Aspects
How people feel

Behavioural Aspects

Situational Aspects

What people do

Safety culture can not be

measured

What the organisation has

The Culture Iceberg

Iceberg has 90% of its

weight below the

surface, out of sight.
This huge lump below
the surface carries far
more weight than the
10% you see above

Culture is below the

waterline, its simply

how we do things
around here !

Safety Culture
Good Safety is more than just slogans, safety

boots, ear plugs and posters

The extent to which they are taken seriously

depends on the Health & Safety culture in

the workplace

YOU WILL ACHIEVE THE LEVEL OF

SAFETY
THAT YOU DEMONSTRATE YOU WANT
TO ACHIEVE

Is it transformation possible
Technology and system improvements have
made great contributions to safety.
However, part of being safe is about
attitudes and paying attention to what your
surroundings are telling you.
Whether through data or through the input
of employees and others, recognizing that
many opportunities exist to stop an
accident is the first step in moving from
reactive to predictive thinking.

When Factors Causing Losses Are

Eliminated/Controlled
By Installing

An effective Safety Management

System
then you can Control
Factors Causing Waste Of Time,
Effort & Resources
And This Enables

Maximization Of Profits

This may require a

complete
culture change
Class
Exercise
in the organization by
implementing Effective
Safety Management
system.

Class
Sit with your
Exercise
hazards that

team members and discuss the

are identified by your team
members. Answer the question below, make a list
and be prepared to discuss this with other groups
1.Consolidate the list of hazards that you would like to share

among other groups (preferably you can share at least 3 hazards

of different nature)
2.What is the present organizational set up procedure to

communicate these hazards to the management? How are you

ensuring that hazard control is in place?
3.What system you suggest that will be effective to replace ?

(Change management)

SMS Functions
1. Safety Policy

8.

2. Safety committee
3. Hazard Assessment

9.

4. Safe Work

10.

Practices/Procedures
5. Safety Rules
6. Personal Protective
Equipment
7. Preventative
Maintenance

11.
12.
13.

Training &
Communication
Inspections
Investigations &
Reporting
Emergency
Preparedness
Statistics &
Records
Legislation

SAFETY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
Safety
rules
SoP

Audit
Plans

Accident
investigati
on

Safety
Policy

Work
site
analysis
Hazard communication

Safet
y
Drills

No
Structure

Polic
y

Continuous
Improvement

Safety Training

Structure

Elements of Safety Management

System
Management Commitment and
Employee Involvement

Safety and Health and

Training

Worksite Analysis

Hazard Prevention and

Control
All the above elements are independent but are

Management Commitment
and Employee
Involvement
These are complementary
elements
Management
commitment provides
motivation and resources
Employee involvement
allows workers to
develop and express
commitment to safety
and health

Employee Involvement
Encourage employees to get involved in

the program and in decisions that affect

their safety and health
Communicate responsibility for all
program aspects

34

Worksite Analysis
Examine the worksite

and identify:

existing hazards
conditions
and
operations
where
changes might occur to
create hazards

Management
must
actively
analyze the work
and the worksite
to anticipate and
prevent
harmful
occurrences
36

Worksite analysis Recommended

Actions

Hazard Prevention and

Control
Start by determining
that a hazard or

potential hazard exists

Where feasible, prevent

hazards by effective
design of job or job site

If the hazard cannot be

eliminated, use hazard

controls

Eliminate or control

hazards in a timely
manner

38

Hazard Prevention and

Control
To
prevent and control
hazards:
Engineering controls
Administrative controls
Personal protective

equipment
Safe work practices
communicated
via training, positive
reinforcement,
correction of unsafe
performance,
and enforcement

39

Hazard Prevention and

Control
Hazard Prevention Planning
Maintain the facility and
equipment
Emergency planning
Training and drills, as needed

Medical program
First aid on site
Physician and emergency

care nearby

40

Safety and Health

Training
Training is the backbone of this

system

Address the safety and health

responsibilities

Employees must understand the

hazards they may be exposed to

and how to prevent harm to
themselves and others from
hazard exposure

42

Class Exercise
Sit with your team
Answer the question below, make a list and be
prepared to discuss this with other groups

What are the benefits on implementing

Safety Management System & BBS in
your organization?
Benefits to the Employees
Benefits to the Organization
Benefits to the Community

The key is
The Employees are valuable problem solver

because they are so close to the action

As they interact with potential hazards
everyday

We must be the change we wish to see

in the world.
Gandhi

Thank YOU