1

To label the bones, the skeletal muscle

and tendons in a diagram of the arm;
To explain how movement is brought
about in a limb;
To state the function of cartilage &
synovial fluid at joints.
2

 Movement is caused by
the contraction of
skeletal muscles
which interact with
the bones.
Muscle cells contract
in response to
stimulation which
carried by nerve
impulses.
Muscles are attached
to bones by tendons
near a joint.

 Tendons consist of very strong

inelastic, non-stretchable
collagen fibres & appear as
glistening silver-grey strands
between the muscles & bones
Function : to ensure that the
force produced by the
contraction of muscles is
transmitted to the part of the
body to be move.
5

 A joint is formed
where 2 or more
bones come together
held together at a
joint by ligaments.
Ligaments are tough
& strong connective
tissues, elastic &
allow the movement
of bones at a joint.
Also important in
preventing
dislocation.
6

TYPE OF
JOINT

CHARACTERISTIC

EXAMPLE

FUNCTION

Immovable/ Bones held

fixed
together by
fibrous
(suture)
connective
tissue. No
movement
between bones.

Skull
Pelvic
girdle

Protects
delicate
tissues of
brain & sense
organs
Protect
urogenital
organs; support
body

Partially
movable

Vertebral
column.

Some degree of
flexibility
Cartilage is a
shock absorber,
cushions joint
& reduces
friction

Cartilage
bridges the
joints.
Movement is
restricted.

TYPE OF
JOINT
Movable/
sinovial
(i) Hinge

CHARACTERISTIC

Ends of
articulating
bones are
covered with
cartilage.
Joint enclosed
by joint
capsule. It is
lined with a
thin synovial
membrane which
secretes
(ii) Ball- synovial fluid.
andsocket

EXAMPLE

FUNCTION

Knee,
elbow,
finger
joints

Movement in
one plane

Shoulder,
hip joint

Movement in
all planes and
some rotational
movement
9

COMPARISON BETWEEN
TENDON & LIGAMENT
TENDON

LIGAMENT

similarities
made up of collagen fibres
hold two types of tissues together
differences
Bone & muscle

Bone & bone

No elastin tissues

Elastin tissues
present
Elastic

Inelastic

10

MUSCL
ES

11

 Action on muscles
in bringing about
movement
Some muscles work
together to bring
about movement
while other
muscles work in
opposition to one
another
12

Antagonistic Muscles
Muscles which work in opposition.
Eg : biceps and triceps
Muscles can contract and relax
Muscles can pull on the bones but
cannot push
Muscles which straighten limbs are
called extensors
Muscles which bend limbs are called
flexors
Extensor work antagonistically with
flexor.

13

ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES

14

 All muscles have 2

primary proteins
Actin
MyosiN

Actin and myosin

are found in
sarcomeres, the
functional units of
muscle
contradiction
Sacromeres consist
of thick filaments
(actin) which
interact to bring
about muscle
contraction.

15

 The source of
energy for
contradiction of
muscles is ATP,
which is produced
in adjacent
mitochondria in
the muscles
Movement of the
body involves the
coordination of
opposing muscles
which are attached
to the bones
across the joints
16

 At the joint, the

bones are allowed
to move, in
relation to each
other, y the
elastic ligaments.
The Synovial
membrane secretes
synovial fluid
which serves as a
lubricant to
minimize the
friction between
two bones
17

 The articulating
surfaces of the bones
are covered by flexible
cartilage.
Cartilage protects the
joint and allows smooth
movements.
It also absorb shock
when pressure is placed
on the joint, for
example when walking.
W/out synovial fluid
and cartilage, the
bones will rub
together.
It can lead pain and
swelling of joints 18

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