CONCEPTS OF

GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING

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INTRODUCTION
Guidance

& counselling are twin

concepts & have emerged as essential
elements of every educational activity.
Guidance & counselling are not
synonymous terms.
Counselling is a part of guidance.
Guidance, in educational context, means
to indicate, point out, show the way,
lead out & direct.
Counselling is a specialized service of
guidance. It is the process of helping
individuals
learn12/3/16
more about themselves &
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DEFINITION OF GUIDANCE
Guidance

is an assistance made available

by a competent counselor to an
individual of any age to help him direct
his own life, develop his own point of
view, make his own decision & carry his
own burden.
- Hamrin & Erikson
Guidance is a process of helping every
individual, through his own effort to
discover & develop his potentialities for
his personal happiness & social
usefulness.
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DEFINITION OF COUNSELLING
Counseling

is essentially a process in
which the counselor assists the
counselee to make interpretations
of facts relating to a choice, plan or
adjustment which he needs to make.
- Glenn F. Smith
Counseling is a series of direct
contacts with the individual which
aims to offer him assistance in
changing his attitude & behaviors.
- Carl Rogers
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COUNSELLING

Counselling is a scientific process of

assistance extended by an expert in an
individual situation to a needy person.
Counselling involves relationship between two
persons in which one of them (counsellor)
attempts to assists the other (counselee or
client) in so organising himself as to attain a
particular form of happiness, adjusting to a
life situation , or in short ,self actualisation.
Shortly, it is a personal and dynamic
relationship between two individuals in which
the more experienced person helps the less
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experienced person to find self determined

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GUIDANCE AND

COUNSELLING
GUIDANCE
COUNSELLING
Guidance is broader & Counselling is in-depth &
comprehensive
narrow
Guidance is more
Counselling helps people
external, helps a
understand
person understand
themselves & is an
alternative
inward
solutions available
analysis.Alternative
to him & makes him
solutions are proposed to
understand his
help understand the
personality &
problem at hand.
choose the right
solution.
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GUIDANCE AND

COUNSELLING
GUIDANCE
COUNSELLING
Intellectual attitudes Emotional rather
are the raw material of than pure intellectual
guidance
attitude are raw
material of the
counselling process.
Decision making is
Counselling operates
operable at an
at an emotional
intellectual
level in
level
6
eshpatidar.blogspot.com 9/20/2013
www.drjay
guidance
Guidance is generally
Counselling is mostly
education & career
offered for personal &
7
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related
& may also be

PURPOSES OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING

Providing the needed information &

assistance
Helping an individual to make wise choices

Improve the understanding of self

Facilitate adjustment
Helps in adapting to the changes or new
environment
Making one self-sufficient & independent
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PURPOSES OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING

Efcient use of capabilities & talent
Promote the optimal personal &
professional development
Balanced physical, psychological,
emotional, social & spiritual growth

Helps in overall development & to live

a productive life
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Other functions of guidance and

counselling
To

provide optimum development &

well-being of an individual.
To help individuals adjust to themselves
& the society.
To help people understand themselves in
relation to the world.
To aid individuals in efficient decision
making.
To help individuals plan for a productive life
in their
social context by focusing on their assets,
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skills,
strengths
& possibilities for further
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CHARACTERISTICS OF GUIDANCE
It is a continuous process
Choices & problem points are the
distinctive
concerns of guidance
It is the assistance to the individual in
the process of development rather than
a direction of that development
Guidance is a service meant for all
Guidance is both generalized & a
specialized service
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Cont
Guida
nce is an organized service & not
an incidental activity of the school.
Guida
nce is not a branch of any
discipline
Guida
nce has limits
Guidance
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is
more
an
art
than
science
Guidance
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CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNSELLING
Counselling involves two individuals-one
seeking help & the other a professionally
trained person who can help the first.
There should be a relationship of
mutual respect between the two
individuals.
Counselling is aimed at bringing about
desired changes in the individual for selfrealisation & providing assistance to solve
problems through an intimate personal
relationship.
The
counselor discovers
the problems of the
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CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNSELLING
If the counselee is a student, counselling
helps him to take a decision, make a
choice or find a direction in matters
related to an educational programme or
career.
It helps the counselee acquire
independence & develop a sense of
responsibility.
It is more than advice giving.
It involves something more than offering an
assistance to find a solution to an
immediate problems.
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Counselling
is democratic.
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SCOPE OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING

Guidance & counselling for personal
needs/problems
Guidance & counselling for educational
needs/problems
Guidance & counselling for physical, emotional, social,
moral & marital problems

Guidance & counselling for vocational,

occupational &
professional needs
Guidance & counselling for career
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Guidance &

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NEED OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING

NEEDS FOR PERSONAL & SOCIAL DOMAIN

I.

Personal & social development of

individual
To adapt in different stages of
development
Offering art of better living
Proper use of leisure time
Holistic personality development
Best use of available opportunities
utilization &
1Motivates for effective
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NEED OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING

II. NEEDS FOR EDUCATIONAL/PROFESSIONAL
DOMAIN
Helps

in academic growth & development

Helps in vocational & professional maturity
Facilitates an individual in the right education &
profession
Offer help to handle educational & professional
situations
Helps in the proper utilization of human
resources
Helps in adapting to the changing concept of
education
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Prepares
to
adapt
in
changing professional
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PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE
According to Crow and Crow:
All-round development of individuals
Principle of individual differences
Guidance is related to every aspect of life
Co-operation among persons
Guidance is a continuous & lifelong process
Guidance for all
Principles of elaboration,responsibility of
teachers & parents flexibility
Principles of evaluation
Guidance by a trained person
Principle of periodic appraisal
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PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE

According to Hollies and Hollies:

The dignity of the individual is supreme.
Each individual is different from every other
individual.
The primary concern of guidance is the individual in
his social
setting.
The attitude & personal perceptions of the individual
are the basis on which he acts.
The individual generally acts to enhance his
perceived self.
The individual has the innate ability to learn.
the individual needs a continuous guidance
process from early childhood through adulthood.
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Each
individual
may
need
the information &
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogs
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TYPES/AREAS OF GUIDANCE SERVICES

Avocatio
nal
guidance
Health
guidan
ce

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0

Person
al
guidan
ce
Types
of
Guidan
ce
Service
s

Vocatio
nal
guidanc
e
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Social
guidan
ce
Educational
guidance

ORGANIZATION OF COUNSELLING
SERVICES
Types

or forms of the organization of

counselling services in educational
institutions are:

(The entire responsibilities of the

II. Decentralization counselling
1. Centralization counselling services:
guidance
services:
& counselling services is
(The responsibilities of the
vested upon a group of trained
counselling services is
personnel of the department of
vested upon teachers
guidance & counselling
services )
III. Combination of centralized
&
decentralized counselling
services:
(In this mixed form, guidance &
counselling
services
are provided by
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teachers &
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Purposes of organizing counselling

services
To

help individuals with normal development

problems.
To help individuals through a temporary crisis
during the
different stages of life.
To identify signs of disturbed behavior at
early stage, to manage it.
To refer critical cases to specialists for
best possible
management.

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Ingredients of guidance and counseling

services
1. The Admission
Service
(Admitting the right
candidates for the
right course, selecting
those candidates most
likely)
3.The Student
InformationService
(Assist the student to obtain a
realistic picture of his
abilities, interests,
personality
characteristics ,
achievements, levels of
aspiration , state of
health, etc.)
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2.The Orientation
Service
(A welcome
service as it is
concerned with
welcoming fresher's
to the world of
nursing )
4.The Information
Service
(Information provided
usually related to
Education,
occupational &
personalsocial )

Ingredients of guidance and counseling

services
6.The Placement Service
(Help students to be in
proper scholastic track,
to realize their career
expectations, organize
campus selection
interviews, provide
information
regarding current
trends, etc. )

5.The Counselling
Service (understand
what he can do &
what he should do,
handle his dificulties
in a rational way, make
his own decision, etc.)

2
4

7.The Remedial
Service
(it is mainly oriented
towards
helping students to
improve their
study habits,
improve their
adjustment in the
clinical area,

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8.The follow-up
Service
(it is that review or
systematic evaluation
which is carried out to
find out whether
guidance services
in particular &
educational

Ingredients of guidance and counseling

services
9.The Research Service
(It is intended to examine
both the personnel in the
college guidance
programme & the
techniques of guidance
used by them so as to
discover their strong &
weak points
& ultimately strengthen the
whole programme .)

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10.The Evaluation Service

(it determines the
effectiveness
& efficiency of the
guidance programme,
less number of
dropouts, harmonious
relationship between
teachers & students,
good results, well placed
passed out students,
sense of security, etc. )

Tools for counselling services

I. Nontesting
tools

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6

II. Psychological
tests

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Tools for counselling services

I.

Nontesting
tools

Observation
Anecdotal record
It is careful watching or
It consists of
monitoring of the counselee
Interview
recording
by the counsellor with a an important incident
It is an interaction
specific objective in mind that happened & is a
between the
carefully recorded
counsellor &
snapshot of the
counselee
with
a
Cumulative record
Checklist
incident
It is definite
a method of
It is used to identify the
objective
in mind
recording
Rating Scale
Presence or absence of
& providing
It is a better tool to
specific attributes or
meaningful,
assess the degree
skills of a particular
or extent of the
significant &
expected behavior in
performance of a
comprehensive
students.
particular
Autobiography
& task
diaryor
informationSociometry
about an
It individual,
is used to measure
the
possession
ofby
a
It may also
provide
useful
over a sociability or
trait.aware of
the social
distance between
students or
making an individual

year.
3
2
members
of a
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his life history and significant

Tools for counselling services

II. Psychological
tests
Personality
tests
Eg; The
Rorschach &
The Minnesota

Aptitude
tests Eg;
Specialize aptitude
test & General
aptitude
test

Interest
inventory
tests Eg; Blank
and Kuder
preference
inventory
2
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Achieveme
nt
tests

Eg;
Cooperative
test, College
Board series,
Study habitEnglish reading
inventory
test
tests Eg; The
BrownHoltzman
survey of study
habit

Specific requirements for the organization

of counselling services
Presence of physical facilities, i.e. rooms,
furniture & other equipment needed for the
guidance & counselling department.
Provide of private offices as well as general
counselling rooms.
Trained counsellor & guidance
personnel

Planned programmes to meet

objectives Consultation services
Evaluation instruments like
psychological tests,
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inventories,
etc.
9

Specifc requirements for the

organization of counselling services

Student data bank

Educational & vocational information
services

Programmes for integrating

community services with guidance
services
Educational programmes for
teachers, counselors & other
personnel to provide knowledge of
current trends in guidance
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TYPES OF COUNSELLING APPROACHES

Electic
counselli
ng
approac
h
Nondirect
ive
counsellin
g
approach
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1

Directive
counselling

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I. Directive Counselling Approach

It

is also known as prescriptive counselling or

counsellor-centred approach of counselling.
This approach of counselling is advocated by
E.G.Williamson,
a professor at University of Minnesota.
In directive counselling, the counsellor plays a
leading role & uses a variety of techniques to
suggest appropriate solutions to the counselee's
problem.
This approach also known as authoritarian or
psychoanalytic
approach.
The

counsellor is active & help individuals in

making decisions
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& finding
solution
to
their
problems.
2

I. Directive Counselling Approach

The

patient makes the decision but the counsellor

does all he can to get the patient make decision
keeping with his diagnosis.
The counsellor tries to direct the patients thinking
by informing, explaining, interpreting & advising.
It gives more importance to intellectual aspect than
emotional aspects.
The basic assumptions related to directive counselling
approach:
A
needbased
approa
ch
3
3

Proble
m
focuse
d
rather
than
patient
focuse
d

Used
for
patient
s
incapa
ble of
solving
their
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proble

Task of
a
compete
nt
counsell
or

Making the
best
possible
use of the
counselees
intellectual
abilities
and
resources

I. Directive Counselling Approach

Advantages of the directive counselling
approach
This approach save time.
It emphasizes the problem & not the individual.
The counsellor can see the patient more objectively
than the patient himself.
It lays more emphasis on the intellectual rather
than the emotional aspects of an individuals
personality.
The methods used in directive counselling are direct,
persuasive & explanatory.
This method is best; less matured and less
intelligent client interacts with an experienced
counsellor.
This
3 is best method at lower
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levels where the client
4

I. Directive Counselling Approach

Cont
Williamson has given six steps of directive
counselling:
Analysis,
Synthesis,
Counselling & Follow up

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Diagnosis,

Prognosis,

I. Directive Counselling Approach

Limitations of the directive counselling
approach
The patient does not get any opportunity
for self analysis or solve new problems of
adjustment by counselling.
It makes the counselee overdependent on
the counsellor.
Problems regarding emotional
maladjustment may be better solved by
nondirective counselling.
Sometimes the counselor lacks information
regarding the counselee, leads to wrong
counselling.
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II. Nondirective Counselling Approach

The chief exponent of this counselling approach,

Carl Rogers.
It is also known as the permissive counselling
approach where the counselor's role is passive
& the counselees role is active.
It is a counselee-centred or patient-centred
humanistic approach.
The counselee makes the final decisions as
individuals are thoughts to have full right to make
final decisions for the self & solve their problems.
The counsellor has to accept the counselees
capacity to make adjustment & adapt.
In this, the counselee is the pivot of the whole
counselling process.
The main function of the counsellor is to create an
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atmosphere
in
which
the client can work out his
7

II. Nondirective Counselling Approach

The

principles of acceptance & tolerance are

extremely
important in this approach.
The basic assumptions related to nondirective
counselling approach are:
Patient is given importance than the
counselling directions & investigations
Emotional aspects are more significant than
intellectual aspects.
Creation of an atmosphere where patients
can work out their understanding is more
important than cultivating self- understanding in
the patient.
Counselling
leads to12/3/16
a voluntary choice of goals
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8

II. Nondirective Counselling Approach

Steps of the nondirective counselling

approach
Carl Rogers gives five steps in nondirective
counselling:
Defining the
problem situation
Counselee
given freedom
to express his
feeling

Terminatio
n of
counselling

3
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Steps in Client Centred Counselling

CarlRogers
Rogershas
hasgiven
giventhe
thefollowing
following
Carl
stepsof
ofthis
this non-directive
non-directivecounselling:
counselling:
steps
1.Definingthe
theProblematic
Problematic
1.Defining
Situation: :First
Firstofofall
allthe
thecounsellor
counsellor
Situation
shoulddefine
definethe
theproblematic
problematicsituation.
situation.
should
2.Free
Expression
of
Feelings
:
2.Free Expression of Feelings :
Afterthe
thefirst
firststep,
step,the
theclient
clientisismade
made
After
awareof
ofthe
thefact
factthat
thathe
hecan
canexpress
express
aware
hisfeelings
feelingsfreely
freelyand
andthe
thecounselor
counselor
his
approvesthis.
this.
approves
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3.Development of Insight: The

counsellor helps the client to become
aware of new feelings along with the
development of client's insight.
4.Classification of Positive and
Negative Feelings: After the free
expression of feelings by the client, the
counsellor identifies his negative and
positive feelings and he
classifies them.

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5.Termination of Counselling
Situation: The counsellor looks
for a point where he can terminate
the counselling situation after all
the above steps. According to this
school of thought, either the client
or the counsellor can suggest for
such termination of counselling
situation.
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II. Nondirective Counselling Approach

Advantages of nondirective counselling

approach
It is a slow but sure process to make an
individual
capable of making adjustments.
No tests are used so one avoids all that is
laborious & difficult .
It removes emotional block & helps an
individual bring repressed thoughts on a
conscious level thereby reducing tension.
It helps the counselee to become
independent and self-reliant and to attain
the ability for self-direction.
It helps the client to attain emotional
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integrity;
and helps to reach his full growth.
3

II. Nondirective Counselling Approach

Limitations of nondirective counselling

approach

It is a slow & time-consuming process.

One cannot rely upon ones resources, judgment
& wisdom as the patient is immature in making
the decision himself.
It depends too much on the ability & initiative of
the patient.
Sometime difficulty to control pace of the
interview
discussion.
This approach is individual centric, it may not
possible for
counsellor to attend every patient equally well.
It4require high degree
12/3/16
of motivation in the

Comparative Analysis
Of Directive And Nondirective Counselling

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Directive

Non-Directive

1. Economical
2 .Emphasis on the
problem
3. Emphasis on the
intellectual aspects
4.Methdology is direct
and persuasive

1. Time consuming
2. Emphasis on individual

5. Solves immediate
problems

5. Deals with self analysis and

new problems of Adjustment
may be taken care of.

6. Uses psychological
assessment data

6. May not use psychological

assessment.

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6

3. Emphasis on emotional
aspects
4. Methodology is indirect

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7.Counselor plays active

role
8. Direct counselling
sometimes may be done
by supporting staf

9. Help to take decisions

is ofered by counsellor
10. It is more information
giving, rapport formation
is not
that significant
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7. Counsellor plays passive

role
8. A highly professional,
competent and trained
person
with understanding of
relationship skills is
required
9. Client takes his own
decisions
10. It is to develop selfinsight and more towards
solving the personal
problems-rapport formation
is essential

III. Eclectic Counselling Approach

The chief advocate of this type of counselling is Thorne.

Eclectic counselling is a type of counselling which is

neither counsellor-centred nor client centred; but a
combination of both.
Here the counsellor is neither too active as in directive
counselling nor too passive as in non-directive counselling,
but follows a middle course. This approach is based on
the fact that all individuals are different from one
another.

The techniques are elective in nature because they

have been derived from all sources of counselling.
This approach is based on selecting the best & leaving
out what is least required.
The basic assumptions related to eclectic counselling
approach:
There is objectivity & co-ordination between
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counsellor
& the patient during the counselling
8

III. Eclectic Counselling Approach

The principle of low expenditure is adopted.
The counsellor makes use of all the tools
& methods in his armour.
The counsellor enjoys the freedom
to resort to directive &
nondirective counselling methods.
The counselling relationship is
built during the counselling
interview. This helps the patient gain
reassurance & confidence.

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Characteristics of Eclectic Counselling

Methods of counselling may change

from client to client or even with the
same client from time to time.
It is highly flexible.
Freedom of choice and expression is
open to both the counsellor and the
counselee.
Experience of mutual confidence and
faith in the relationship are basic.
The client and the philosophical
framework are adjusted to save the
purpose
of the relationship.
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