Static and Dynamic

Chapter 1 : Introduction

Introduction to static

Mechanics can be defined as that branch of

the physical sciences concern with the state
of rest or motion of bodies that are
subjected to the action forces.

Basic mechanics is composed of two

principal areas:

Static

Deal with the equilibrium of bodies, that is, those

that are either at rest or move with a constant
velocity

Dynamic

Concern with the accelerated motion of bodies.

Fundamental concept

Basic terms

Length
needed to locate the position of a point in
space and thereby describe the size of a
physical system.
once a standard unit of length is defined, one
can then quantitatively define distances and
geometric properties of a body as multiples of
the unit length.

Space
the geometry region occupied by bodies whose
positions are described by linear and
angular measurement relative to a
coordinate system.
for three-dimensional problems three
independent coordinates are needed.
for two-dimensional problems only two
coordinates will required.

Time

the measure of the succession of event and

is a basic quantity in dynamics for threedimensional problems three independent
coordinates are needed.

not directly involved in the analysis of static

problems

Mass

a measure of the inertia of a body, which is its

resistance to a change of velocity.

can be regarded as the quantity of matter in a

body.

the property of every body by which it

experiences mutual attraction to other bodies.

Force

the action of one body on another.

tends to move a body in the direction of its action.
the action of a force is characterized by its magnitude,
by the direction of its action, and by its points of
application.

Particle

has a mass, but a size that can be neglected.

Example: the size of the earth is significant compared
to the size of its orbit, therefore the earth can be
modeled as a particle when studying its orbital motion.
when the is idealized as a particle, the principles of
mechanics reduce to a rather simplified form since the
geometry of the body will not involved in the analysis
of the problem.

Rigid body

can be considered as a combination of a

large number of particles in which all the
particles remain at a fixed distance from one
another both before and after applying a load.

as the result, the material properties of any that

is assumed to be rigid will not have to
considered when analyzing the forces acting on
the body.

in most cases the actual deformation occurring

in structures, machines, mechanisms, and the
like are relatively small, and the rigid-body
assumption is suitable for analysis.

Conversion factors

Newtons three laws of

motion

First law

A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in

motion will remain at a uniform speed in a
straight line, unless it is acted on by an
imbalanced force.

F1

F2
v

F3

Second Law

A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force, F

experiences acceleration, a that has the same
direction as the force and magnitude that is
proportional to the force

If F is applied t a particle of mass, m, this law may

be expressed mathematically as

F = ma

Accelerated motion

Third Law

For every action, there is an equal but opposite

reaction..
force of A on B

force of B on A

Action - Reaction

Which person in this ring will be harder

to move? The sumo wrestler or the little
boy?

Newtons law of
gravitational attraction

Gravitational attraction between any two particles is gover after

formulating Law of motion

m1m2
F G 2
r

Where

= force of gravitation between the two particles

G = universal constant of gravitation; according to

experimental evidence,
m1,m2= mass of each of the two particle
r

= distance between the two particles

Weight

What is the different between Mass and

Weight?

The relationship between mass and weight can be

expressed

develop an approximate expression for finding the weight,

W of a particle having a mass m1 = m

Assume the earth to be a non-rotating sphere of constant

density and having a mass m2 = Me, then if r is the distance
between the earths center and the particle, we have

W G
Letting,

G Me

g = 9.807 m/s2
so

W mg

2
ryields

m1 M e
r2

Units of measurement

Mechanic deal with four fundamental

quantities

Length

Mass

Force

Time

SI Units

U.S Customary Units

Quantity

Dimensional
Symbol

Unit

Symbol

Unit

Symbol

Mass

kilogram

kg

slug

Length

meter

foot

ft

Time

second

second

sec

Force

newton

pound

lb

Units and symbols in Two system

SI units

International system of units

Newton (N)

Force in Newtons(N) is derived from F=ma

1kg

Force?

m
NSolution
kg 2
s

W mg

(g=9.81m/s
2
)

US Customary

The unit of mass, called a slug, is derived from F

= ma.

Newton (N)

Force in Newtons(N) is derived from F=ma

1slug

mass?
2
lb
.
sec
Solution
slug

ft

w
m
g

(g=32.2 ft/sec2)

Conversion factors
Terms

U.S Customary

S.I metric unit

Length

1 in.
1 ft
1 mile

= 25.4 mm
= 0.3048 m
= 1609 m

Area

1 in.2
1 ft2
1 sq mile

= 6.45 cm2
= 0.093 m2
= 2.59 km2

Volume

1 in3
1 ft3

= 16.39 cm3
= 0.0283 m3

Capacity

1 qt
1 gal

= 1.136 I
= 4.546 I

Mass

1 Ib
1 slug

= 0.454 kg
= 14.6 kg

Velocity

1 in/sec
1 ft/min
I mph

= 0.0254 m/s
= 0.3048 m/s
= 0.447 m/s = 1.61 km/h

Acceleration

1 in./sec2
1 ft/sec2

=0.0254 m/s2
= 0.3048 m/s2

Force

1 Ib
1 poundal

= 4.448 N
= 0.138 N

Pressure

1 Ib/in.2
1 Ib/ft2

= 6.895 kPa
= 47.88 kPa

Energy

1 ft-Ib
1 Btu
1 hp-hr
1 watt-hr

= 1.356 J
= 1.055 kJ
= 2.685 MJ
= 3.6 kJ

Power

1 hp

0.746 kW

Example 1.1

Convert 2 km/h to m/s and ft/s

Solution
Since 1 km = 1000 m and 1 h = 3600 s, the
factors of conversion are arranged in the
following
that a cancellation
of the
km order,
2 km so
1h
1000 m
applied:
units2can be

h
h km 3600 s

0.556

m 3.281 ft
x
1.824 ft / s
s
m

Mathematic required

Algebraic equations with one unknown

Simultaneous equations with two unknowns

Quadratic equations

Trigonometry functions of a right angle

triangle

Sine law and cosine law as applied to non-right

angle triangles.

Geometry

Algebraic equations with one unknown

Example 1.2
Solve for x in the equation

3(6 x )
16
2
x?

Simultaneous equation
Example 1.3
Solve the simultaneous equations.

3x 4 y 8
6 x 2 y 10
x?
y?

Quadratic equations
Example 1.4
Solve for x in equation
3x ( 4 2 x ) 10 x 2 8
b b 2 4ac
use x
2a

Trigonometry functions of a right angle

triangle
y side opposite
Sin
r

cos

x side adjacent

r
hypotenuse

tan

y side opposite

x side adjacent

hypotenuse

Sine law and cosine law as applied to nonright angle triangles

Triangles that
are not right angle triangles

C
A
B
C

sin sin sin

Side divided by the sine of the angle

opposite the side

C 2 A2 B 2 2 AB cos

Right angle triangle where g = 90o

C 2 A2 B 2

Geometry

opposite angles are equal when two straight lines

intersect
a
c

a=b
c=d

d
b

supplementary angles total 1800

a
b

a + b = 1800

complementary angles total 900

a
a + b = 900

a straight line intersection two parallel lines

produces the following equal
angles:
a=b
c
d

c=d
or
a=b=c=d

the sum of the interior angles of any triangles equals to

180o
a

a + b + c = 1800

b
c

similar triangles
have the same shape

BD DE BE

BA AC BC

B
C

DE

6
10 15
4

If AB = 4, AC = 6 and DB = 10, then by proportion

circle equations:

circumference D or 2r
D 2
Area
or r 2
4

Angle is defined as one radian when a length of

1 radius is measured on the circumference.