Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
College of engineering
Concept of Claims
Types of claims
Contractual claims.
Negative
Positive
claims.
claims.
Ex-contractual claims.
Contractual claims
1)
Negative claims:
standard:
25.4.1:
Force majeure
25.4.2:
25.4.3:
25.4.4:
25.4.5.1:
25.4.5.2:
25.4.6:
25.4.8.1: Delay or failure to execute work by tradesman are thus outside These
persons are engaged direct by the employer control.
25.4.8.2: Delay in or failure to supply goods and materials which the employer is
obliged under the contract to supply.
25.4.10.1: The contractor's inability to secure adequate labour for the proper carrying
out of the works. This must be beyond the contractors control and not reasonably
foreseeable at the base date.
25.4.10.2: A similar problem as covered by 25.4.10.1 but for goods and materials.
25.4.15: delay due to a change in statutory requirements occurring after the base date
which necessitates alteration /modification to any performance specified work.
The ICE Conditions (sixth edition, 1991) Clause 44 is the relevant clause,
whereby any claim for extension of time that the contractor wishes to make
shall be submitted within 28 days after the cause of delay has arisen.
PSAA: General Conditions of Contract for Building and Civil Engineering, This
form is intended for use in both public and private sectors for UK building and
civil engineering works.
Positive claims
It is this type of claim that attracts most attention. Such a claim, if
successful, can result in an addition to the contract sum and
consequently more money being paid to the contractor, Before
examining the initiation, origination, preparation and presentation
of such claims, it is desirable to consider the relevant clauses of
the conditions of contract.
6.1: Any liability in respect of statutory requirements that are at variance with the
contract documents.
8.3: The cost of opening up for inspection any work covered up or the testing, of
materials or goods and the cost of making good, unless the inspection or test shows
that the work, materials or goods are not in accordance with the contract.
13.5.6: Any direct loss or expense that is not reimbursable by effect of the
valuation of a variation.
17.2 and 17.3 The cost of making good defects that appear within the defects
liability period, the failure may result from faulty design, poor construction or both,
responsibility may be divided according to causes.
26.1: Any direct loss and/or expense resulting from disturbance of the regular progress of
the works, caused by one of the matters listed in.
26.2. The matters include delay by the architect in issuing instructions, or between
contract drawings and/or bills, default by the employer inspect of direct employees or
supply of materials and goods.
28.2: Direct loss or damage arising out of the determination of the contract by the
contractor upon the default of the employer. The action by the contractor could result
from such factors as excessive interference by the employer.
34.3: loss or expense in dealing with antiquities found on the site. For example, a site
contain items of special historic interest and work may be suspended on part of the site
while archaeologists carry out investigations.
the contractor must claim within a reasonable time of the loss being incurred or the regular
progress of the works being delayed. As soon as any of the relevant facts are established, the
contractor must make written application to the architect without delay, otherwise the claim may
subsequently be regarded as inadmissible. The claim will normally only be in principle at this
stage, being more in the nature of a notification of intention to claim pending the assembly of
more detailed information and costs
.
Under clause 12, a claim may be submitted as a result of adverse physical conditions or
artificial obstructions encountered during the execution of the works, and which could
not reasonably have been foreseen by an experienced contractor. . A claim submitted
under the provisions of clause 12 may be for additional payment to cover the cost of
dealing with the conditions or obstructions. Clause 12(b) prescribes that this shall
include a reasonable percentage addition in respect of profit, and any extension of
time to which the contractor may be entitled.
iii PSA/1: General conditions of Contract for Building and Civil Clause 46 of these conditions
gives a contractor the opportunity to claim for any expense properly incurred by reason of
compliance with any of the project manager's instructions and related matters resulting in
prolongation or disruption. The amount of such expense is to be determined by the quantity
surveyor. The contractor must give notice to the project manager immediately upon becoming
aware that the regular progress of the works or any part of them has been or is likely to be
disrupted or pro- longed and the circumstances causing this. The contractor must provide full
details of all expenses within 56 days of being incurred.
Origination of claims
is important that the occurrence that results in a situation where the contractor suffers loss
or expense is identified soon after the event. the verification of the supporting information
and facts, which are so important to the success of the claim, is very difficult in
retrospect. a Members of the contractor's management team are likely to experience
variety of situations where certain aspects are not entirely he following examples will serve
to illustrate some of these problems:
1) the site surveyor observes an operation proceeding on site but cannot clearly
determine how it is going to be reimbursed;
(2) the contracts manager experiences difficulty in obtaining information from the
architect despite a number of approaches;
(3) the managing director is unhappy about the profitability of the project. In each of
these circumstances immediate investigation is warranted.
In addition to the occurrence of events during the works that may give rise to a claim, it
should be the duty of one of the management team, probably the contractor's quantity
surveyor,
to check if a fundamental change are occurred between the contract
documentation and the works themselves. Some examples will serve to illustrate this
aspect:
(i) the site area and accesses, which may be more restricted than was indicated in the
contract documents;
(ii) the foundations, as the details are frequently incomplete at the design stage
(iii) the proportions and quantities of each type of work in the contract bills.
(iv) the nature and character of the works, to determine whether any significant change
has occurred between the project documents and that required on the site.
Preparation of claims
A contractor may need to refer to any of the following documents:
correspondence
architects instructions
site diary
progress photographs
Records showing time period between date of tender and date of order to
start a work
Build up tender
materials schedule
invoice lists
plants records
borehole logs
variation sheets
Proving that such disruption falls in (direct loss and /or expense)can be difficult.
There are some fundamental principles that are important in the preparation and
assessment of claims.
Temporary lighting
Safety measures
Protection of works
Insurance premiums
Telephone costs
The extension of a contract from summer into winter may lead to extra costs
resulting reduce working hours, stoppages through bad weather and other
associated additional costs.
Overheads
Claims should ideally reflect actual costs or expenses that are provable and this
should be applied to site overheads. Overheads are a budgeted amount
calculated on the anticipated years expenditure on staff, officers, equipment
and like. on this basis a minimum percentage on a fixed turnover must be
achieved to recover cost, if the turnover reduced then the percentage should be
increased.
Loss of profit
Must contractors claims will include some element of profit. a claim of this type
is very difficult to prove, since the profit can be lost by ineffiicency or bad
tendering before any extension of time occours.
Assets charged
Liquidation: (winding up) of a company is the process whereby its life ended
and its administered for the benefit of its creditors and members.
Since the quantity surveyor, clerk of works and architect should all be on the
alert for these warning signs.
The architect should take special care to ensure that quality of matrials
satisfy the requirements of contract documents.
The clerk of works should be instructed to resist the removal of any unfixed
materials or goods delivered.
Where the financial position of the contractor is in doubt, the architect could
exercise his prerogative
If the contractor stops work on site without receiver or liquidator having been
appointed, the site should be made secure and a security watch placed upon
it.
Preliminary action
The name and location of the receiver and manager or liquidator should be
obtained, and name and form of company not been changed
Subsequent action
Scheduling should be prepared detailing the state of the works including any
defective items
Staff costs, fees and other expense should be recorded that may constitute a
charge against receiver or liquidator
I.
II.
III.
IV.
mostly, the contractor employed to complete the contract will make his own of
subcontractors. the subcontractor of main contractor, their reinstatement
depends on new nominations of the successor contractor.
Financial aspects
A normal final account determines the final cost of the contract and a
notional final account sets out what would have been the final cost of the
contract had the original contractor continued and finshed.
Insolvency of employers