Generator Control System

Seminar

Hungary 2007

Generator Excitation System

Design Consideration

Christophe Del Popolo

Budapest, Hungary
2007

LIST OF TOPICS
A) Type of generators
B) What kind of data are needed ?
C) Type of power supplies
D) Sensing circuits : PTs and CTs

LIST OF TOPICS
E) Control voltage
F) Accessories
G) New technologies (introduction) *
H) Examples and how to read a single line diagram

* Digital technologies / digital products

A) TYPE OF GENERATORS
Identify generator type:
- Slip ring
- Brush type
- Brushless type

SLIP RING GENERATOR

(or Static Excitation)

SLIP RINGS / BRUSHES

F+
AVR

F-

STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM

GENERATOR
STATOR
REVOLVING FIELD

ROTARY EXCITER,
BRUSH-TYPE GENERATOR
BRUSHES

F+
FIELD
(STATOR)

AVR

ARM

GENERATOR
STATOR

FVOLTAGE REGULATOR

SLIP RINGS

Brushless Rotary Exciter

STATIONARY

ROTATING

STATIONARY

F+

GENERATOR

FIELD

AVR

FROTARY
EXCITER

B) WHAT KIND OF DATA ARE NEEDED ?

Generator data :
- APPARENT POWER (in kVA)
- GENERATOR OUTPUT VOLTAGE (in Volts / V)
- GENERATOR FREQUENCY (in Hertz / Hz)
- POWER FACTOR (nominal = 0.8 or 0.9 in general)

B) WHAT KIND OF DATA ARE NEEDED ?

Different relation ships between generator powers :

1) S = U x I x 3 (apparent power in VA)

4) S = (P + Q)

2) P = U x I x 3 x cos phi (active power in W)

5) cos phi = P / S

3) Q = U x I x 3 x sin phi (reactive power in Vars) 6) tan phi = Q / P

B) WHAT KIND OF DATA ARE NEEDED ?

Excitation data :
1) At no load (voltage and current)
2) At full load
3) At full load +10% (or +20%)
4) In ceiling condition
5) In short-circuit condition

B) WHAT KIND OF DATA ARE NEEDED ?

Other values and remarks :

1) Time constant Tdo (to determine the discharge components)
2) Exciter resistance (cold and hot) : difference of 10 or 15%

C) TYPE OF POWER SUPPLY

1) Shunt
2) Auxiliary windings
3) PMG (Permanent Magnet Generator)
4) Separate source

Power Input from Generator Line

(shunt mode)
A

GEN

B
C
N
CW

F+ FFIELD
OUTPUT

POWER
INPUT

E1 E3
SENSING
INPUT

VOLTAGE
ADJUST

POWER CIRCUIT
VOLTAGE REGULATOR

SENSING CIRCUIT

USE POWER TRANSFORMER IF REQUIRED

BOOST CIRCUIT NEEDED.

Power Input from Auxiliary windings

A

GEN

B
C

CW
F+ FFIELD
OUTPUT

POWER
INPUT

E1 E3
SENSING
INPUT

VOLTAGE
ADJUST

POWER CIRCUIT
VOLTAGE REGULATOR

SENSING CIRCUIT

USE POWER TRANSFORMER IF REQUIRED

BOOST CIRCUIT NOT NEEDED.

Power Input from a PMG

A

GEN

B
C
N
PMG
CW

F+ FFIELD
OUTPUT

POWER
INPUT

E1 E3
SENSING
INPUT

VOLTAGE
ADJUST

POWER CIRCUIT
VOLTAGE REGULATOR

BOOST CIRCUIT NOT NEEDED.

SENSING CIRCUIT

Power Input from a PMG

PMG output voltage (in Vac)

Example of one PMG curve

(at nominal speed)

+
+
+
+

I 0/4

I 4/4
Current

I ceiling

Power Input from a PMG

a)Voltage at no load (maximum voltage) :

b)Voltage at ceiling (minimum voltage) :
& maximum apparent power (in VA) :
c) Rated power in nominal condition (in VA) :
d) Frequency :
e) Three phase :

Yes / No

f) Single phase : Yes / No

Power Input from a separate source

A

GEN

B
C
N
CW

SPEED
CONTACTS

F+ FFIELD
OUTPUT

POWER
INPUT

E1 E3
SENSING
INPUT

VOLTAGE
ADJUST

POWER CIRCUIT
VOLTAGE REGULATOR

SENSING CIRCUIT

USE POWER TRANSFORMER IF REQUIRED

BOOST CIRCUIT NOT NEEDED.

D) SENSING CIRCUITS (PTs and CTs)

1) Sensing voltage transformers :

- To match the AVR characteristics :
- In addition :
Identify the type
Identify how many transformers
Identify general characteristics (voltages, frequency, burden, accuracy,)

D) SENSING CIRCUITS (PTs and CTs)

Examples of PTs connections :

D) SENSING CIRCUITS (PTs and CTs)

2) Sensing current transformer :

- To match the AVR characteristics :
- In addition :
Identify the type (ring, wound)
Identify general characteristics (voltages, frequency, burden, accuracy,)

CT on phase B ?

D) SENSING CIRCUITS (PTs and CTs)

3) Phase sequence :

+1
+1

E1

E2

E3

CT

E) CONTROL VOLTAGE
1) Can be AC or DC :
- For contactors, relays, AVR, transducers, PLC, lamp
- For the field flashing system (if needed) -> size of the battery to be checked
- For AC purpose :

Fuse

Fuse

- For DC purpose :

Fuse
Rectifier
bridge

Resistor
Blocking
diode

F) ACCESSORIES

1) Meters :
- Choice has to be made according to :
Generator data (kVA, V, Hz, cos phi)
Excitation data (Vdc, Idc)
Customer requirements

F) ACCESSORIES

F) ACCESSORIES

2) Transducers :
- Choice has to be made according to :
Generator data (kVA, V, Hz, cos phi).
Excitation data (Vdc, Idc)
Customer requirements

G) NEW TECHNOLOGIES

1) PLC (programmable logic controller) :

- Communication with other devices (RS485, Profibus, ) *
- Communication with internal devices (via RS485, analog output, ) *
- Communication : with HMI (Human Machine Interface) *

* Digital technologies / digital products

- Communication with other devices (RS485,

Profibus, )
Control Room
MASTER Modbus
communications

Excitation system+protections
A.V.R.
Protection

Modbus

Modbus

PLC

PLC

(Transducers)
Generator Control Panel (GCP)

Speed Governor
Protection
(Transducers)

Turbine Control Panel (TCP)

- Communication with internal devices (via RS485,

analog output, )
Control Room
MASTER Modbus
communications

Example : A.V.R. :
Metering
Setpoint Control *
Status **

Modbus

* Raise / Lower : Gen. Voltage

: Power Factor/Vars

PLC
** Excitation limiting
** Active mode (Auto, Manu, )

Generator Control Panel (GCP)

- Communication : with HMI (Human Machine

Interface)

H) INTERESTING INFORMATION ON A SINGLE LINE

DIAGRAM
2) Example :

H) INTERESTING INFORMATION ON A
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
- Generator data :
* Rotating diodes (low excitation data)
* Generator frequency = 50Hz
* primary voltage = 660V

- Sensing circuit (current) :

* Frequency = 50Hz
* (Voltage = 660V)
* In / 5A
* b phase

- Sensing circuit (voltage) :

* Frequency = 50Hz
* primary voltage = 660V
* Single phase

- Power circuit :
* Frequency = 50Hz
* primary voltage = 660V
* Three phase
* Single phase

H) INTERESTING INFORMATION ON A
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

- Boost circuit :
* 2 CTs (open-delta)
* (Voltage = 660V)

- Field flashing circuit :

* DC source
* Resistor

- Earth connections :
* On AC power circuit (boost+PT)
* On DC power circuit

- Protective relays :
* Over excitation (76 function)
* Over voltage (59 function)
* Under voltage (27 function)

H) INTERESTING INFORMATION ON A
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

1) Conclusion :
- Locate the generator
- Locate the sensing circuits
- Locate the power circuits (which type of power supply ? Boost circuit ?)
- Locate the accessories (specific transducers, meters, )
- Is there any mechanical drawing (that could give an idea about the sizes
of the components, )

In order to check the interface between our equipment and your system,
please fill in the following data sheet:
Customer :
Cotation/order number :
Project name :
I) Generator data :
Pow er (in kVA) :
Voltage (in V) :
Frequency (in Hz) :
Pow er factor :

2) Type of system :
Mounting plate
Cubicle
Small cabinet

3) Excitation current & voltage :

Current
At no load:
At full load:
In short circuit conditions
(if used)

4) Forcing condition :
Typically 1.6x excitation voltage at full load :

Voltage

5) Type of the input power :

A. PMG
a)Voltage at no load (maximum voltage) :
b)Voltage at ceiling (minimum voltage) :
& maximum apparent pow er (in VA) :
c) Rated pow er in nominal condition (in VA) :
d) Frequency :
e) Three phase :
f) Single phase :
B. POWER TRANSFORMEUR (VOLTAGE)
a) Voltage on primary side :
b) voltage on the secondary side :
c) frequency
50Hz:
60Hz:
d) Rated pow er in nominal condition (in VA) :
e) Three phase :
f) Single phase :
C. AUXILIARY WINDINGS
a) Voltages
b) frequency
50Hz:
60Hz:
c) Rated pow er in nominal condition (in VA) :
d) Three phase :
e) Single phase :
f)
D. EXTERNAL SOURCE
a) Nominal voltage type (DC or AC)
b) Rated pow er in nominal condition

6) CT & PT ratio for the sensing circuit :

A. PT RATIO
a) Primary voltage :
b) Secondary voltage :
c) Apparent pow er (25VA min)
d) Three phase :
e) Single phase :
f) 2 single phase xf mr
connected in delta
B. CT RATIO
a) Primary current :
b) secondary current (1 or 5A)
1A :
5A :
c) Burden (in VA) :
d) Connected the B-phase :

7) Control voltage for the contactors, relays, transducers

a)
b)
c)
d)

24Vdc (recommended) :
110Vdc :
125Vdc :
Other :

8) Control voltage for the build-up (if used) :

a) 24,110 or 125Vdc :
b) AC source :
c) Other :

9) Certifications :
a)
b)
c)
d)

CE requirements :
UL requirements :
Marine requirements (RINA,..) :
Other :

10) Size of the equipment :

a) Maximum dimensions of
Height :
Width :
Thickness
b) Maximum dimensions of
Height :
Width :
Depth :
c) Maximum dimensions of
Height :
Width :
Depth :

11) Other specifications :

a) Is there any :
Vars transducer :
Watts transducer :
Pow er factor transducer :
CT Ratio :
PT Ratio :
Balanced load :
Other :
b) Other request :

the mounting plate (mm)

:
the cubicle (mm)

the small cabinet (mm)

QUESTIONS