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Gehan S. Abdelkader
Well Integrity Product Champion
WLH
Outline
Cementing
Reasons to have a quality cementing job
Cementing process
Factors affecting the Cement Quality
Cementing
Wellbore cement that provides complete zonal
isolation protects the environment, enhances
drilling safety and optimizes production. Without
high-quality cement filling the annulus between
the casing and the formation, freshwater
aquifers above or below the reservoir might be
contaminated by fluid from other formations.
Casing that is not protected by cement might be
prone to corrosion by formation fluids.
Oilfield Review
Summer 2001
Cementing
Reasons for quality cementing job:
Support the pipe in place
Further drilling
Production
Hydraulic isolation
No communication between different formation
fluids
No migration of formation fluids to surface
No loss of production to thief zones
Cementing Process
Pre-blend
SFM
WELLCLEAN II
CemCADE
CemCAT
CBL/VDL
USIT
Sonicalc
Cementing Process
Job design
Data gathering
Lab verification
Cement material is suitable for downhole condition
Cement additives are suitable for downhole condition
Cement system is reproducible
Job evaluation
Hydraulic isolation and cement distribution
Pipe condition
Pipe support
BHST at top of
Cement >BHCT
at TD
Annular gap
Minimum: 3/4-in.
Ideal: 1 1/2-in.
Properly
conditioned
hole and mud
Gauge
diameter
NO LOSSES
No sloughing
Uniform as possible
( no washouts or restrictions)
NO FLOW
Wrong volume
Four-arm caliper
Wrong volume
18
RH
16
14
RC
12
10
% Stand-off = w X 100
RH - RC
6
4
2
0
10
20
40
API % STAND-OFF
60
80
100
V=2 x Vav
Turbulent Flow
Velocity Profile
(Swirling motion)
t
n
e
ul
rb
u
T
There are four possibilities
Narrow
Vw
Wide
Narrow
12
Vn
13
%
100
25
50
75
ft
100
10750
75
10750
ft
Cement Coverage
%
75.0
%
100.0
25
50
75
100
Cement Coverage
1/1
11500
11500
11250
11250
11000
11000
1/1
2/1
Cement Coverage
14
Pipe Standoff
Well
2/1
Cement Coverage
Pipe Standoff
Well
%
100.0
25
50
75
100
Cement Coverage
10750
ft
11500
11250
11000
1/1
2/1
Cement Coverage
15
Pipe Standoff
Well
16
17
Density Control
100
100
90
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
10:35:02
10:49:26
11:03:50
11:18:14
11:32:38 10:35:02
11:47:02 10:49:26
12:01:26 11:03:50
Time
Solid Fraction
18
10
S lu rr y R a te (b p m ), S l u rry D e nsi ty (p pg )
S o l id F ra c tio n (%)
11:18:14
Solid Fract ion
Slurry Density
D. Rouillac in
Cement Evaluation Logging
Handbook, 1994
19
20
No
No
Cement
Cement
Good
Good
Bond
Bond
21
22
Tx
R3
R5
23
5 ft
E1
Good Bond
Signal
Threshold
TTTT
T
E1 E3
T0 Threshold
TT
TT
E2
24
Threshold
TT
T
25
60
50
40
30
20
2
26
Casing ID (in)
1012 14161820
to
27
28
29
Stable
Medium
<------------------------------CBL Amplitude
Transit
Strong
Time
X
30
Casing Arrivals
No
X
Transit
Time
Formation Arrivals
Low
<----------------------------------------CBL Amplitude
with some
X
Cycle
Skipping
31
No
Casing Arrivals
32
Tool Eccentering
Causes for Eccentralization
Improper Equipment
selection
Centralizers ] for
Casing Size
Missing or Broken
Centralizer(s)
Weak Centralizers in
deviated wells
Tool Damaged and/or bent
Damaged Casing
Consequences
Unbalanced sound paths
Resulting waveform is
meaningless
33
Short Path
Normal
Waveform
Waveform
Threshold
TT
Result is a Bad Log not recoverable in
Playback
If the tool is eccentered:
Delayed Waveform
In
cases
of
good
cement
formation
arrival
arrivesT
first
Dolomite
=
43.5
sec/ft
T Limestone = 47.5
sec/ft
T Anhydrate = 50.0
sec/ft
The
transit
time
and
35
CBL
T
than FF arrival.
Tools able to measure CBL in FF are:
High
Transit
Time
Shorter
than
Casing
arrivals
37
<-------------------------------CBL Amplitude
on areas of
fast formation
<-----------------------------------------arrivals
38
BOND INDEX
Attenuation in zone of
interest [dB/ft]
BI =
Attenuation in Cemented
Section [dB/ft]
39
I
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
BI = 60 %
3
0
2
5
BI = 70 %
2
0
1
5
BI = 80 %
1
0
5
[ft]
5
10
Conditions
Cement type
Borehole fluid
Cement tops
Hole size (OH Caliper)
Well deviation
Transducer
Echo
amplitude
(Internal casing
condition)
41
Cement
Casing
Formation
Mud
Thickness
Transit
time
Internal
radius
Cement
Impedance
4
2
Maximum
impedance
Completion
fluids
Slurry
Z08
MRayl
+/0.5
0
Raw
imag
e
43
Standar
d
Light
Standar
d
Light
Solid/liquid
threshold
Liquid
Gas/liqui
d
threshol
d microannulus
Gas or dry
Interpreted
image
Cross-segment product
Used by both, Cementing and Wireline engineers
Will contribute to increase the quality of cement evaluation
services as it provides log setup before the job
44
Logging Fluid
p, T logging fluid &
transducers
Slurries
Defaults
Surface T, vertical well,
water, G neat
Import data
CemCADE
45
Outputs
Scenarios
Only data you need!
CBL/USIT QA/QC (and
evaluation)
Log file
Zmud
Time
Domain
Echo amplitude
Travel time of the echo
Wave Form
Frequency
Domain
46
T3 processing
Resonant frequency: f0
Fractional bandwith:D f/f0
Internal
Rugosity
&
Internal
Radius
Casing
thickness
&
Acoustic
impedance
Client Log
47
Amplitude
Processing flags
Eccentering, CCL,
GR
48
Thickness
Internal
radius
Casing crosssection
Cement
interpreted
Bond index
Cement raw
QC
49
CBL
Mean
Z 8
MRayl
USI
Strong formation
arrival
Weak casing arrival
VDL
50
100
0-4
MRayl
Channel
Low-Z
cement
QC
51
CBL
USI
VDL
QC
52
Lost echoes
Casing
Cement
Pixel Z
If
all
4
standard
deviations are higher
than set thresholds, the
current data point is
considered to be locally
debonded
Vertical
Deviation
Transducer
spot size
Diagonal 2
Horizontal
Deviation
Cement
AI Thresholds
Liquid
< Thresh
OR
> Thresh
<Thresh
Micro-D
Gas
OR
> Thresh
54
Diagonal 1
Micro-D
BI
55
Map
Formation
arrivals
Conventio
nal
Low
CBL
BI
Map
CBL
VDL
Map
CBL
CBL
56
VDL
Heavy Casing
Database not available for modeling Ultrasonic
Uncalibrated response Sonic / Ultrasonic
57
CBL
Accuracy
CEMENT
Free pipe
Well bonded
Good interpretation
Ambiguous
Very ambiguous or not
detectable
58
Fluid Loss
High Free
Free Water
Water
Channel
Gas
zone
Cemen
Cement
t
Micro
annular
Poor
Mudcake
Removal
Mud
Channel
Mud
Cake
59
Cement
Integrity
Solutions
Upon the diagnosis of the
hydraulic
isolation
problem,
Schlumberger
Well Services offer a wide
range of solutions for:
CemSTONE
Cement job enhancements
Remedy
DuraSTONE
FlexSTONE
60
Solutions
CemCRETE
CemCRETE
Class G
Extended
12.5 lbm/gallightweight
0
10
20
30
40
Solids Fraction
61
50
60
70
Solutions
Jobs Count
1200
CemCRETE WORLDWIDE
2701 J obs
691
832
921
Increasing Demand
For Low Density Slurries
600
257
0
1999
2000
2001
CemCRETE is a Proven
Technology
700
Jobs Count
1998
LiteCRETE
1469J obs
460
350
186
276
1998
62
547
1999
2000
2001
Solutions
Problem: Weak formation and lost circulation
applications
Solution: LiteCRETE LiteCRETE UL
Solutions
Problem:
Cracking (tension)
Simulate
Failure (compression)
Micro Annulus
Calculate Required Young Modulus
Y
e
s
Add expanding
agents,
as described in
the
Engineering
Formulation complete Guidelines
Casing
debonding
?
N
o
64
Y
e
s
Solutions
Problem: High pore pressure
Solution: DensCRETE up to 28 ppg
65
Conclusion
In gauge hole, casing centering and mud removal are the keys for
good cementing job.
Even if there will not be a remedy consideration, cement
evaluation helps in improving the next cementing job of the same
kind
The USI provides the most detailed view of the distribution of
cement in the annulus available today.
The USI combination with CBL/VDL is always recommended. Data
from both services complement each other for more accurate
interpretation, especially in the presence of microannulus and
nonstandard conditions.
Acoustic logs have limitations.
Cement evaluation must combine cement job analysis and
acoustic logs
Schlumberger Solutions = Integrated Cementing and Evaluation.
66
Strategy
Accuracy
&
Answer product Qlty
Standard environment
67
Extreme environment