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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
T e optimum pH for most fungal spe
cies is about 5.6, but
T e simplest
1 Describe
the
characteristics
oflf
various fungi can tolerateand growin environm
ents whe
redistinguishing
thepH
round or ova
2 to
Describe
theotic
body
plan of a fungus.
rangesfrom2to9.Manyfungi arelesssensitive
highosm
presleaves, fruits, a
sures than are bacteria. As a result, they can grow in concentrated
portance of so
All, which
fungi (sing
., fung
usor
) areeuka
ryote
s; the
ir c
salt solutionsor insugar solutionssuch asjelly
discoura
ge
the
food
indus
enclosed
mitochondria,
and
othe
rm
prevent bacterial growth. Fungi also thriveover
awidenuclei,
tempera
ture
Most
fung
in size
and
sh
range. Even refrigerated food maybeinvadeAlthough
d byfungi.they vary strikinglythre
adlike
f la
m
keycharacters, includingtheir wayof obtain
T e optimum pH for most fungal sp
Hyphae
various fungi
can tolerateand growin envir
rangesfrom2to9.Manyfungi arelesssensiti
sures than are bacteria. As a result, they ca
(c
c
salt solutionsor in sugar solutionssuchasje
prevent bacterial growth. Fungi also thriveiso
n
range. Even refrigerated food maybeinvade
th
Materia orgnica
Hifas
Micelios
G. T. Cole/Universityof Texas/
SidneyMoulds/Photo Researchers, Inc. Biological Photo Service
25 m
(d
th
d
n
G. T. Cole/Universityof Texas/
(e
Spores carried by the air settle on food. They germinate and produce a mass of threadlike laments
hyphae. The hyphae penetrate the food to obtain nourishment, and produce a mass of hyphae called
celium. Eventually, specialized hyphae grow from the mycelium giving rise to er ect stalks with fruitin
ies (sporangia) at their tops. When the walls of the(a)
sporangia
rupture,Anew
spores
are released
A mycelium.
mass
of hyphae
has into t
rangesfrom2to9.Manyfungi arelesssens
sures than are bacteria. As a result, they
salt solutionsor insugar solutionssuchas
prevent bacterial growth. Fungi also thriv
range. Even refrigerated food maybeinva
REINO FUNGI
SidneyMoulds/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Eucariotas
Membrana nuclear
Mitocondrias y organelos
Varan en:
Tamao
Morfologa
Forma de nutricin
Especicaciones siolgicas
pH 5,6. Pero algunos en
2-9
(a) A mycelium. A mass of hyphae has
formed a mycelium (white area).
Fruiting bodies, called sporangia,
are visible as gray areas.
rangesfrom2to9.Manyfungi arelesssens
sures than are bacteria. As a result, they
salt solutionsor insugar solutionssuchas
prevent bacterial growth. Fungi also thriv
range. Even refrigerated food maybeinva
REINO FUNGI
Soluciones salinas
Soluciones azucaradas
Previenen el crecimiento
bacteriano
Prosperan en altas
temperaturas
(a) A mycelium. A mass of hyphae has
formed a mycelium (white area).
Fruiting bodies, called sporangia,
are visible as gray areas.
rangesfrom2to9.Manyfungi arelesssens
sures than are bacteria. As a result, they
salt solutionsor insugar solutionssuchas
prevent bacterial growth. Fungi also thriv
range. Even refrigerated food maybeinva
REINO FUNGI
Molculas de C
Heterotrofos
Necesidades energticas
No ingieren ni digieren
Inltran y secretan
enzimas
Digestin fuera del hongo
Predigestin
OPISTHOKONTA
Los hongos y los animales son parte
del clado de los opistokontes.
Los opistokontes se agrupan por
tener un slo flagelo posterior en
alguna etapa de su vida (algunos lo
han perdido).
MORFOLOGA DE HONGOS
Existen hongos multicelulares
lamentosos y unicelulares (levaduras).
Algunas especies crecen como
lamentos o unicelulares y algunos
como ambos.
Los hongos multicelulares estn
compuestos de micelios, que es una red
de hifas ramicadas adaptadas para la
absorcin.
Estructura reproductiva
Hifas
Spore-producing
structures
20 m
Micelio
Cell
wall
Cell
wall
Por
e
Septu
m
(a) Septate
hypha
Nuclei
CICLO DE VIDA
Muchas especies
de hormigas y
termitas usan el
poder de
descomposicin de
los hongos y los
cultivan en sus
colonias.
Lquenes:
Crustose
(encrustin
g)
lichens
A foliose
(leaflike)
lichen
VALOR ECONMICO
DE LOS
Industria
alimentaria: quesos
(Penicillium camemberti y P.
roqueforti ), panes y bebidas
HONGOS
Medicinal:
Antibiticos como por ejemplo
penicilina (Penicillium
chrysogenum)
Inmunosupresores como por
ejemplo ciclosporina
(Tolypocladium nivenum)
Lovastatina para reducir el
colesterol (Aspergillus terreus)
Agentes o drogas antifungicidas
como por ejemplo griseofulvina
(Penicillium griseofulvum)
alcohlicas (Saccharomyces,
Aspergillus), hongos
comestibles (Pleorotus
ostreatus, Morchella sp.,
Agaricus campestris, Tuber
sp.), salsa soya (Aspergillus
oryzae).
Biotecnologa (como por
ejemplo en la elaboracin de
papel y para degradar
hidrocarburos en derrames de
petrleo).
Producir acido ctrico
(Aspergillus niger) usado
como preservativo de
alimentos.