Soild State Devices

Prof. Amrita Naiksatam.

Solid State Device

Course outcome:
1. develop a clear concept of the crystal classes and
symmetries and to understand the relationship between
the real and reciprocal space.
2. become familiar with the free-electron model for
metals and use the concept of Fermi energy and Fermi
temperature.
3. learn the basic properties of superconductors in the
frame of BCS theory.
4. understand the modern Solid State theory.

BOOKS
Charles Kittel, Introduction to Solid state
Physics, eighth edition, Wiley students
edition, 2014.

Ben G. Streetman and Sanjay Banarjee,

Solid state Electronic devices, eighth
edition, Pearson , 2015.

Why Study Solid State Physics?

Ideal Crystal
An ideal crystal is a periodic array of structural
units, such as atoms or molecules.
It can be constructed by the infinite repetition of
these identical structural units in space.
Structure can be described in terms of a lattice,
with a group of atoms attached to each lattice
point. The group of atoms is the basis.

Bravais Lattice
An infinite array of discrete points with an
arrangement and orientation that appears
exactly the same, from any of the points
the array is viewed from.
A three dimensional Bravais lattice
consists of all points with position vectors
R that can be written as a linear
combination of primitive vectors. The
expansion coefficients must be integers.

Crystal lattice: Proteins

Crystal Structure

Honeycomb: NOT Bravais

Honeycomb net: Bravais lattice with

two point basis

Crystal structure: basis

Translation Vector T

Translation(a1,a2), Nontranslation
Vectors(a1,a2)

Primitive Unit Cell

A primitive cell or primitive unit cell is a
volume of space that when translated
through all the vectors in a Bravais lattice
just fills all of space without either
overlapping itself or leaving voids.
A primitive cell must contain precisely one
lattice point.

Fundamental Types of Lattices

Crystal lattices can be mapped into
themselves by the lattice translations T
and by various other symmetry operations.
A typical symmetry operation is that of
rotation about an axis that passes through
a lattice point. Allowed rotations of : 2 ,
2/2, 2/3,2/4, 2/6
(Note: lattices do not have rotation axes
for 1/5, 1/7 ) times 2

Five fold axis of symmetry cannot

exist

Two Dimensional Lattices

There is an unlimited number of possible
lattices, since there is no restriction on the
lengths of the lattice translation vectors or
on the angle between them. An oblique
lattice has arbitrary a1 and a2 and is
invariant only under rotation of and 2
about any lattice point.

Oblique lattice: invariant only under

rotation of pi and 2 pi

Two Dimensional Lattices

Three Dimensional Lattice Types

Wigner-Seitz Primitive Cell: Full

symmetry of Bravais Lattice

Conventional Cells

Cubic space lattices

Cubic lattices

BCC Structure

BCC Crystal

BCC Lattice

Primitive vectors BCC

Elements with BCC Structure

Summary: Bravais Lattices (Nets)

in Two Dimensions

Escher loved two dimensional

structures too

Summary: Fourteen Bravais

Lattices in Three Dimensions

Fourteen Bravais Lattices

FCC Structure

FCC lattice

Primitive Cell: FCC Lattice

FCC: Conventional Cell With Basis

We can also view the FCC lattice in terms
of a conventional unit cell with a four point
basis.
Similarly, we can view the BCC lattice in
terms of a conventional unit cell with a two
point basis.

Elements That Have FCC Structure

Simple Hexagonal Bravais Lattice

Primitive Cell: Hexagonal System

HCP Crystal

Hexagonal Close Packing

HexagonalClosePacked

HCP lattice is not a Bravais lattice, because orientation of the environment

Of a point varies from layer to layer along the c-axis.

HCP: Simple Hexagonal Bravais

With Basis of Two Atoms Per Point

Miller indices of lattice plane

The indices of a crystal plane (h,k,l) are
defined to be a set of integers with no
common factors, inversely proportional to
the intercepts of the crystal plane along
the crystal axes:

Indices of Crystal Plane

Indices of Planes: Cubic Crystal

001 Plane

110 Planes

111 Planes

Simple Crystal Structures

There are several crystal structures of
common interest: sodium chloride, cesium
chloride, hexagonal close-packed,
diamond and cubic zinc sulfide.
Each of these structures have many
different realizations.

NaCl Structure

NaCl Basis

NaCl Type Elements

CsCl Structure

CsCl Basis

CsCl Basis

CeCl Crystals

Diamond Crystal Structure

ZincBlende structure

Symmetry planes

The End: Chapter 1

Bravais Lattice: Two Definitions

The expansion coefficients n1, n2, n3 must be integers. The vectors

a1,a2,a3 are primitive vectors and span the lattice.

HCP Close Packing

HCP Close Packing

Close Packing 2

Close Packing 3

Close Packing 4

Close Packing 5

NaCl Basis

Close Packing of Spheres

Ideal Crystal
An ideal crystal is a periodic array of structural
units, such as atoms or molecules.
It can be constructed by the infinite repetition of
these identical structural units in space.
Structure can be described in terms of a lattice,
with a group of atoms attached to each lattice
point. The group of atoms is the basis.

Bravais Lattice
An infinite array of discrete points with an
arrangement and orientation that appears
exactly the same, from any of the points
the array is viewed from.
A three dimensional Bravais lattice
consists of all points with position vectors
R that can be written as a linear
combination of primitive vectors. The
expansion coefficients must be integers.

Crystal lattice: Proteins

Crystal Structure

Honeycomb: NOT Bravais

Honeycomb net: Bravais lattice with

two point basis

Crystal structure: basis

Translation Vector T

Translation(a1,a2), Nontranslation
Vectors(a1,a2)

Primitive Unit Cell

A primitive cell or primitive unit cell is a
volume of space that when translated
through all the vectors in a Bravais lattice
just fills all of space without either
overlapping itself or leaving voids.
A primitive cell must contain precisely one
lattice point.

Fundamental Types of Lattices

Crystal lattices can be mapped into
themselves by the lattice translations T
and by various other symmetry operations.
A typical symmetry operation is that of
rotation about an axis that passes through
a lattice point. Allowed rotations of : 2 ,
2/2, 2/3,2/4, 2/6
(Note: lattices do not have rotation axes
for 1/5, 1/7 ) times 2

Five fold axis of symmetry cannot

exist

Two Dimensional Lattices

There is an unlimited number of possible
lattices, since there is no restriction on the
lengths of the lattice translation vectors or
on the angle between them. An oblique
lattice has arbitrary a1 and a2 and is
invariant only under rotation of and 2
about any lattice point.

Oblique lattice: invariant only under

rotation of pi and 2 pi

Two Dimensional Lattices

Three Dimensional Lattice Types

Wigner-Seitz Primitive Cell: Full

symmetry of Bravais Lattice

Conventional Cells

Cubic space lattices

Cubic lattices

BCC Structure

BCC Crystal

BCC Lattice

Primitive vectors BCC

Elements with BCC Structure

Summary: Bravais Lattices (Nets)

in Two Dimensions

Escher loved two dimensional

structures too

Summary: Fourteen Bravais

Lattices in Three Dimensions

Fourteen Bravais Lattices

FCC Structure

FCC lattice

Primitive Cell: FCC Lattice

FCC: Conventional Cell With Basis

We can also view the FCC lattice in terms
of a conventional unit cell with a four point
basis.
Similarly, we can view the BCC lattice in
terms of a conventional unit cell with a two
point basis.

Elements That Have FCC Structure

Simple Hexagonal Bravais Lattice

Primitive Cell: Hexagonal System

HCP Crystal

Hexagonal Close Packing

HexagonalClosePacked

HCP lattice is not a Bravais lattice, because orientation of the environment

Of a point varies from layer to layer along the c-axis.

HCP: Simple Hexagonal Bravais

With Basis of Two Atoms Per Point

Miller indices of lattice plane

The indices of a crystal plane (h,k,l) are
defined to be a set of integers with no
common factors, inversely proportional to
the intercepts of the crystal plane along
the crystal axes:

Indices of Crystal Plane

Indices of Planes: Cubic Crystal

001 Plane

110 Planes

111 Planes

Simple Crystal Structures

There are several crystal structures of
common interest: sodium chloride, cesium
chloride, hexagonal close-packed,
diamond and cubic zinc sulfide.
Each of these structures have many
different realizations.

NaCl Structure

NaCl Basis

NaCl Type Elements

CsCl Structure

CsCl Basis

CsCl Basis

CeCl Crystals

Diamond Crystal Structure

ZincBlende structure

Symmetry planes

The End: Chapter 1

Bravais Lattice: Two Definitions

The expansion coefficients n1, n2, n3 must be integers. The vectors

a1,a2,a3 are primitive vectors and span the lattice.

HCP Close Packing

HCP Close Packing

Close Packing 2

Close Packing 3

Close Packing 4

Close Packing 5

NaCl Basis

Close Packing of Spheres