ME 200 L6: Energy Rate Balance,

Transient Operation, Cyclic Repetitive Operation,

Cycle Analysis,
Efficiency & Coefficient of Performance
Spring 2014 MWF 1030-1120 AM
J. P. Gore
gore@purdue.edu
Gatewood Wing 3166, 765 494 0061
Office Hours: MWF 1130-1230
TAs: Robert Kapaku rkapaku@purdue.edu
Dong Han han193@purdue.edu

Closed System Energy Balance

Energy is an extensive property that
includes the internal energy, the kinetic
energy and the gravitational potential energy.
For closed systems, energy is transferred in
and out across the system boundary by two
means only: by work and by heat.
Energy is conserved. This is the first law of
thermodynamics.

Closed System Transient Energy Balance

The time rate form of the closed system energy
balance is
dE & &
QW
dt

(Eq. 2.37)

The rate form expressed in words is

rate of change
of energy
in the system
at time t

net rate of transfer

in by heat
at time t

net rate of transfer

out by work
at time t

Just as in calculus, separate variables and integrate

2

& Wdt
&
dE

Qdt

Change in Energy of a System

2

& Wdt
dE dU d(KE) d(PE) Qdt
&
1

Q 2 1W2

The changes in energy of a system from state 1 to state

2 consist of internal, kinetic and potential energy changes.
2

dE E

E1 U 2 U1 KE 2 KE1 PE 2 PE1 1 Q 2 1W2

(Eq. 2.27a)

E = U + KE + PE

(Eq. 2.27b)

Energy at state 1 or state 2 or any other state is defined in

reference to a standard state.
Definition of energy at all states must have identical
standard base state.
Changes in the energy of a system between states, defined
with identical standard state have significance.

Home Work Problem

Imagine a party at a college location as sketched below. Bob goes to the refrigerator
door to get a soda

Electric
al
supply
cable

A/C
Ven
t

Music
speake
rs

TV

Well
insulat
ed
party
room

Refrigerator
(fridge) door
open

Door
locke

Example 1
An electric generator coupled to a windmill produces an average power
of 15 kW. The power is used to charge a storage battery. Heat transfer
from the battery to the surroundings occurs at a constant rate of 1.8 kW.
For 8 h of operation, determine the total amount of energy stored in the
battery, in kJ.
Given
Find: E in kJ?
W = -15 kW
System
Q = -1.8 kW
t = 8 h

W = ?15 kW
storage
battery

Basic Equation
dE
& W
&
Q
dt
Integrating :

E Q W

Assumptions
Q = ?1.8 kW
t = 8 h

The battery is a closed system.

The work and heat transfer rates
are constant.
&t 15kW 8h 1kJ s 3600s 4.32 105 kJ
WW
1kW 1h

&t 1.8kW 8h 1kJ s 3600s 51,800kJ

QQ
1kW 1h

E 51,800 4.32 105 3.8 105 kJ

Example 2
An electric motor draws a current of
10 amp with a voltage of 110 V.
The output shaft develops a
torque of 10.2 N-m and a
rotational speed of 1000 RPM. For
operation at steady state,
determine for the motor, each in
kW.
the electric power required.
the power developed by the output
shaft.
the rate of heat transfer.

Sketch
I = 10
amp
V = 110 V

motor

= 10.2 N-m
= 1000 RPM

Given
I = 10 amp
V = 110 V
= 10.2 N-m
= 1000 RPM

Assumptions
The motor is a closed system.
The system is at steady state.

Find
Welectric in kW?
Wshaft in kW?
Q in kW?

dE
Q W
dt

Basic Equations
W&electric I

W shaft

Example 2

Given

Welectric in kW?
Wshaft in kW?
Q in kW?

dE
Q W
dt

I = 10 amp
V = 110 V
= 10.2 N-m
= 1000 RPM

Find

+
-

motor

W electric VI

W shaft

Solution

1Watt amp 1kW

W electric 110V 10amp
1volt
103W

Welectric 1.1kW

rev 2 rad 1 min

1kW

W shaft 10.2 N m 1000

min rev
60 s 103 N m s

W shaft 1.07kW
0

Sketch

I = 10 amp
V = 110 V

Basic Equations

= 10.2 N-m
= 1000 RPM

dE
Q W
Q W
dt
Q W electric W shaft
Q 1.1kW 1.07kW
Q 0.03kW
8

Example 3
A gas within a piston-cylinder assembly (undergoes a
thermodynamic cycle consisting of) three processes:
Process 1-2: Constant volume, V = 0.028 m3, U2 U1 = 26.4 kJ.
Process 2-3: Expansion with pV = constant, U3 = U2.
Process 3-1: Constant pressure, p = 1.4 bar, W31 = -10.5 kJ.

There are no significant changes in kinetic or potential

energy.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Sketch the cycle on a p-V diagram.

Calculate the net work for the cycle, in kJ.
Calculate the heat transfer for process 2-3, in kJ.
Calculate the heat transfer for process 3-1, in kJ.

Example 3
Assumptions

Find

The gas is the closed system.

For the system, KE = PE
= 0.
Volume change is the only
work mode.

p-V diagram
Wnet = ? in kJ
Q23 = ? in kJ
Q31 = ? in kJ

System
Given

gas

1-2: V = 0.028 m3, U2 U1 = 26.4

kJ
2-3: pV = constant, U3 = U2
3-1: p = 1.4 bar, W31 = -10.5 kJ

Basic Equations

E Q W

E KE PE U
K

WK pdV

10

Example 3

Solution

P, atm

1-2: Constant Volume Heat Addition

2-3: Isothermal Expansion, Heat added to

maintain T in spite of Expansion.
3-1: Constant Pressure Heat Rejection and
exhaust, leading to volume
reduction work is put into the system
V, m3
0

W12 VV2 pdV

1

Wcycle W12 W23 W31

W23 VV3 pdV
2

c
V

W31 VV1 pdV p V1 V3

3

W23

V3

V2

W12 0
V3 dV
V
c
V
dV c
c ln V V3 p3 V3 ln 3
2
V2 V
V
V2

W
V3 V1 31
p
11

Example 3
10.5kJ
1bar
103 N m
V3 0.028m
1.4bar 105 N m 2
1kJ
3

V3 0.103m3

V3
105 N m 2
0.103m 3 1kJ
3
W23 p3 V3 ln
1.4bar
0.103m ln 0.028m3 103 N m 18.78kJ
V2
1bar
Wcycle W12 W23 W31
0

KE PE U Q23 W23
0

KE PE U Q31 W31
0

Wcycle 0 18.78 10.5 kJ

Q23 W23

Wcycle 8.28kJ

Q23 18.78kJ

Q31 U1 U 3 W31

U 2 U1 U 3 U 2 U1 U 3 0 U1 U 3 U 2 U1

U1 U 3 26.4kJ

Q31 26.4kJ 10.5kJ 36.9kJ

12

Cycle Analysis, Efficiency and

Coefficient of Performance
When a working substance returns to the original state in a
cyclic manner while accepting and rejecting heat from two
reservoirs and delivering net work in the process, we have an
engine cycle.
When a working substance returns to the original state in a
cyclic manner while accepting heat from a low temperature
reservoir and delivering heat to a high temperature reservoir
we have a refrigerator or a heat pump cycle.
If the cold reservoir substance is the useful substance then
it is a refrigerator if the hot reservoir contains the useful
substance then we have a heat pump.

Return to Example 3
1-2: Constant Volume Heat addition

P, atm

2-3: Isothermal Expansion, Heat added to

maintain T in spite of Expansion.
3-1: Constant Pressure Heat Rejection and
exhaust, leading to volume
reduction work is put into the system

Wcycle W12 W23 W31

Qcycle Q12 Q 23 Q31

V, m3 First Law of Thermodynamics or
Conservation of Energy is satisfied.

Wcycle 0 18.78 10.5 8.28 kJ

Qcycle 26.4 18.78 ( 36.9) 8.28 kJ For this cycle 1-2 and 2-3 are the heat

E QCycle WCycle 0

Wcycle
Qin

addition processes and the customer

Pays for the fuel that leads to this heat.

Qin Qout
Q out
8.28(100)

18.33%
Qin
Qin (26.4 18.78)
14

Flip the Engine to make it a Heating/Cooling Device

3-1: Constant Volume Heat Rejection
2-3: Isothermal Compression, Heat removed to
maintain T in spite of Compression.
1-2: Constant Pressure Heat Extraction from
cold space leading to expansion of
working substance.

P, atm

Wcycle W12 W23 W31

1

Wcycle 0 18.78 10.5 8.28 kJ

Qcycle 26.4 18.78 36.9 8.28 kJ

E QCycle WCycle 0

Qcycle Q12 Q 23 Q31

V, m3 First Law of Thermodynamics or
Conservation of Energy is satisfied.

COPHeating

Q LT Wcycle (26.4 18.78)

Q HT

5.46
Wcycle
Wcycle
8.28

COPCooling

Q HT Wcycle 36.9
Q LT

4.46
Wcycle
Wcycle
8.28

15