Psychology An

Introduction

Misconceptions About
Psychology
Psychology is mysterious.

Misconceptions About
Psychology
Psychology is common sense.

Misconceptions About
Psychology
Psychology is parascience.

What is Psychology?
Is the scientific study of human
behavior and mental processes.

Character
Moral nature

Personality
- The

sum total characteristics / qualities of an individual.

Aspects:

Physical
Mental
Social
Emotional
Moral
Spiritual

Trait
Specific feature, quality or character.

Attitude
The way we respond to any given
situation.

Behavior
All activities which can be observed
objectively
Refers to all acts or activities of
individual.

2 Types of Behavior
Extrinsic / overt behavior behavior
which can be observed by other
people.
Intrinsic / covert behavior behavior which
can be observed by the person who
experience it.

Goals of Psychology
To describe (what is happening)
To explain and understand (why is it
happening)
To predict (When will it happen again) and
To control behavior (how can it be
changed)

What is etymological definition of

Psychology?
Derived from the two Greek words
Psyche and logos
Psyche mind or soul.
Logos study
The study of mind or soul

History of Psychology
Demonology the idea that
abnormal behavior is caused by
supernatural forces, evil spirit and
witchcraft.

Methods
Trephining an operation where
stone instrument were used to chip a
hole in the circular portion of the
skull to allow the evil spirit to escape.

Methods
Exorcism involved prayer, noise
making, beating and others.

Methods
Tortured or hung

By 15 - 16 century
th

th

Hospital called asylum

1792 Philippe Pinel

Sick mind must be treated humanely

National Center for Mental

Health

Psychology : Its Beginning

An Unexamined life is not worth living.
Socrates

Who is the father of traditional

Psychology?
- Aristotle
- He wrote the book De Anima
which talks about the mind body
relationship.

Nature Vs. Nurture

Nativist view /
Nativism
Introduced by Rene
Descartes and Plato
Innate Ideas
already exist at
birth
Innate ( inborn)
Man is born with all
necessary potential
to become
functional and
complete

Empiricist view /
Empiricism
John Locke / George
Berkeley and David
Hume
Ideas are acquired
through sensory
experiences and
interaction with the
environment.
Environmental
Tabula rasa blank
slate

Innate or Environmental?

Pioneer Psychologists
Who is the father of modern
Psychology?
Established the first psychological
laboratory in Leipzig Germany in
1879.
Wilhelm Wundt

1832 - 1920

Granville Stanley Hall

The person who established the
psychological laboratory in the US
specifically at John Hopkin University.

Fr. Angel de Blas

In 1938, he established the first
experimental psychological
laboratory in the Philippines
specifically at UST.

James Mackeen Cattel

He developed a standardized test
called 16 Personality Factor.

Sir Francis Galton

He established the Psychological
laboratory in London, became
interested in studying individual
differences.

Psychology in the Philippines - In 17 th

century Psychology was taught in:
San Carlos
University - Cebu

UST - Manila

Father of Filipino
Psychologist
Virgilio Enriquez

Look at the chart and say the color not the

word

YELLOW BLUE
BLACK

ORANGE

RED

GREEN

PURPLE YELLOW RED

ORANGE GREEN
BLUE

RED

BLACK
PURPLE

GREEN
BLUE
ORANGE
Left Right Conflict

Your right brain tries to say the color but your

left brain insists on reading the word

NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM

BRAIN

SPINAL CORD

Forebrain, midbrain
and hindbrain

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

SOMATIC NERVOUS AUTONOMIC

SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM

SYMPATHETIC &
PARASYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM

General Layout of the

Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain (in the skull)
Spinal Cord (in the spine)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Located outside of the skull and spine
Serves to bring information into the CNS and carry
signals out of the CNS

Copyright 2009 Allyn & Bacon

General Layout of the

Nervous System (continued)
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
Afferent nerves (sensory)
Efferent nerves (motor)

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
Both are efferent
Copyright 2009 Allyn & Bacon

Autonomic Nervous
System
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
generally have opposite effects
Two-stage neural paths, neuron exiting the
CNS synapses on a second-stage neuron
before the target organ

Copyright 2009 Allyn & Bacon

Autonomic Nervous
System
(continued)
Parasympathetic

Sympathetic
Thoracic and lumbar
Fight or flight
Second stage
neurons are far from
the target organ

Cranial and sacral

Rest and restore
Second stage
neurons are near
the target organ

Copyright 2009 Allyn & Bacon

three basic functions of nervous

system:
1. Receiving sensory input can be
manifested in various forms, including
pressure, taste, sound, light, or hormone
levels, which are converted to a signal
and then sent to the brain or spinal cord.
2. Integrating the input through the sensory
centers of the brain or in the spinal cord.
3. Responding to stimuli then converted to
action.

3 main parts of a neuron:

1. Dendrites - receive the
information from another cell and
are the one to transmit the
message to the cell body.
2. Cell body - serves as the center of
nourishment
3. Axon - conducts messages away
from the cell body.

3 types of neuron
1. Sensory neurons as classified into its
appearance typically possess a long
dendrite and short axon, and its role is
that they carry messages from sensory
receptors to the central nervous system.
2. Motor neurons based into appearance,
have a long axon and short dendrites and
responsible to transmit messages from the
central nervous system to the muscles or
even to the glands.

3 types of neuron
3. Interneurons are located only in
the central nervous system where
there is a connection of neuron-toneuron.

Cells of the
Nervous
System

Major external
features of
a typical neuron

Copyright 2009 Allyn & Bacon

Different Neurotransmitter
Substances and their Effects on
Behavior
Neurotransmitter
1. Acetylcholine

Effects on Behavior
Facilitates learning and
memory
Deficiency of ACH disrupts
learning and memory

2. Norepinephrine

Too

little may lead to

depression
Too much causes hyperactivity

Different Neurotransmitter
Substances and their Effects on
Behavior
Neurotransmitter

Effects on Behavior

3. Dopamine

Over

4. Serotonin

Lack

supply may lead to

schizophrenic reaction
Under supply causes Parkinsons
Diseases (a neurological
disorder disrupting coordinated
movement)
of serotonin produces insomnia
Prevents dreaming in the waking state
Considered as the worry chemical
in the brain

Different Neurotransmitter
Substances and their Effects on
Behavior
Neurotransmitter

Effects on Behavior

5. GABA (gamma
acid aminobutyric
acid)

Decreases

6. Endorphins

the activity of

the neuron
May decrease levels of
anxiety
Pain relieving effect; a
neuropeptide

Central Nervous System

(CNS)
BRAIN
the largest part of the nervous
system that is protected by the skull.
It weighs 3 pounds and contains 90%
of the body neurons
Spinal cord runs along the dorsal side
of the body and links the brain to the
rest of the body.

Meninges, Ventricles, and

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
CNS encased in bone and covered
by three meninges
Dura mater tough outer membrane
Arachnoid membrane web-like
Pia mater adheres to CNS surface

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Fluid serves as cushion
Copyright 2009 Allyn & Bacon

Protecting the Brain

Chemical protection
The blood-brain barrier tightlypacked cells of blood vessel walls
prevent entry of many molecules

Physical protection
Skull
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Copyright 2009 Allyn & Bacon

ajor fissures of the cerebral hemispheres

Lobes of the cerebral hemisphere

Copyright 2009 Allyn & Bacon

 4 lobes:
1. Parietal lobe located in in the central
fissure from the frontal lobe.
function: information to the skin senses
(touch, temperature and pressure).
If left hemisphere is damage may lose
ability to read/ write and difficulty of
knowing the parts of the body.
If right hemisphere : difficulty of
recognizing the left part of the body.

 2. Frontal lobe nearest to the face ( motor

cortex) Function: controls the body movement.
3. Occipital lobe near the back of the head.
Function: sensory area for awareness ( visual)
Damage in the right hemisphere loss of vision
in the left.
If in the left loss vision ion the right.
4. Temporal lobe - along the side of each
hemisphere. Function: concern with hearing
Damage in left hemisphere inability to
understand spoken words.
If in the right can recognize speech but unable
to recognize other organizations of sounds.

The major brain areas

and lobes.

Telencephalon
Subcortical Structures
Limbic system regulation of motivated
behaviors
Mammillary bodies, hippocampus,
amygdala, fornix, cingulate, septum

Basal ganglia motor system

Amygdala, striatum (caudate nucleus +
putamen), globus pallidus

Copyright 2009 Allyn & Bacon

Telencephalon
Subcortical
Structures
The major
structures
of the
limbic
system

Copyright 2009 Allyn & Bacon

Hindbrain - includes
Medulla
controls respiration, digestion, and circulation;
Cerebellum
Governs body balance, posture and muscular
coordination
Pons
Contain nerve fibers from both sides of the
cerebellum as well as the tracts of sensory and
motor nerve fibers that connect upper brain to
the spinal cord

Midbrain
Tracts between the cerebrum and the
spinal cord and functions as part of
the overall impulse conduction
system.
It also controls some auditory and
visual responses such as regulation
of the size of the pupil of the eye.

Forebrain
Occupies the largest of the three
divisions of the brain and occupies
the entire upper portion of the skull
Cerebrum
The main area of the forebrain,
governs emotion, learning, thinking,
remembering and sense perception.

Cerebral Cortex
The outer layer of the cerebrum, directs the
activities directs the activities of the entire
nervous system
Thalamus
Interprets and sorts the sensory and motor
impulses that travel to and from the
cerebrum
Hypothalamus
Controls body temperature, metabolism,
hunger and thirsts

Reticular activating system

A group of neurons that occupy a
portion of the hindbrain and midbrain
that serves as an arousal system
Corpus Callosum
Connects two brain hemisphere

Copyright 2009 Allyn & Bacon

Peripheral Nervous System

Autonomic nervous system
It connects the glands and organs of
your body that are involuntary in
nature. It has two subsystems:
the sympathetic nervous system
and
the
parasympathetic
nervous
system

Sympathetic Nervous System

vs. Parasympathetic Nervous
System

Sympathetic Nervous

System
involved in the fight or
flight response during
emergency situation or
in high emotion.
It increases alertness,
stimulates tissue, and
prepares the body for
quick
responses
to
unusual
situations.
activities,
such
as
digestion.

Parasympathetic
nervous system

that is involved in
rest or repose
system as it quiets the
body and returns it to
a lower intensity of
arousal.
It is involved in
relaxation. It
conserves energy and
controls sedentary

HOMEOSTASIS
Tendency of the body to maintain a
balance among internal physiological
conditions.

The Endocrine System:

Glandular activities of the
system

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

is made up of glands that produce and

secrete hormones. These hormones
regulate the bodys growth, metabolism,
and sexual development and function.
HORMONES
Directly released on the bloodstream
because they have no ducts or structured
passageways to the organs that they serve.

Endocrine Glands

Endocrine Glands
Secrete special messengers known as
hormones that are directly released into
bloodstream because they have no ducts.
Pituitary Glands
Has been called the master gland,
influences growth, metabolism and
regeneration
Oxytocin
Influence the contraction of the uterus
during childbirth and the reflexive reaction of
milk from the mammary glands.

Vasopressin
Regulates the amount of water in the
body cells and thus directly controls
blood pressure
Anterior pituitary hormones include
control of timings and amount of body
growth
Too little can lead to condition called
DWARFISM
Over secretion can produce GIANTISM

Giantism

Dwarfism

He Pingping and Svetlana

Pankratova

He Pingping stands
precisely 2 feet 5.37
inches tall.
Pankratova's legs
are nearly 52 inches
long.

Adrenal glands
Located just above the kidneys
Important in neural functioning and
in the ability to cope with stress
The inner core of the adrenal gland
secretes EPINEPHRINE also called
ADRENALIN and NOREPINEPHRINE
(NORADRENALIN)

Thyroid Gland
Located in the neck in front of the
windpipe and weighs less than ounce
Hormone produced by this gland is
IODINE, THYROXIN
Hypothyroidism
The result of underactivity of the thyroid
gland, which characterized by laziness
and dullness on the part of the organism
When this occurs in infancy the condition
is known as CRETINISM

GOITER
The swelling of the
thyroid gland brought
about by the glands
overworking, hence
the inability to secrete
enough hormones

Parathyroid Glands
These are two small pea-shaped
glands close to the thyroid glands
Hormones called PARATHORMONE

PARATHORMONE
Regulates utilization of calcium and
phosphorous in the body
Undersecretion of this hormone
results in condition known as tetany

Pancreas
Located near the stomach secretes two
hormones which control the level of blood
sugar or glucose in the bloodstream
Glucogon
Releases glucose into the bloodstream
from the glycogen stored in the liver
Insulin
Enables glucose to move out of the blood
into the cells of muscles and tissues

Gonads
The sex or puberty glands which produce
the sperm and egg cells for reproduction
TESTES testosterone
Stimulates development and
maintenance of male secondary sexual
characteristics and behavior
OVARIES estrogen and progesterone
ESTROGEN stimulates development and
maintenance of female secondary sex
characteristics and behavior

PROGESTERONE
Stimulates female secondary sex
characteristics and behavior and
maintains pregnancy