Electronic Circuits

and Systems

Contents of this half of the

course

Laplace Transforms & transient analysis(1)

Basic circuit analysis(1)
Mesh analysis(1)
Nodal analysis(1)
2-port networks(1)

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Electronic Circuits
and Systems
Laplace Transforms and Transient
Analysis of Circuits

Transient Response

In some circuits, a steady state solution is not all that is

required:

Transients may be of sufficient amplitude to damage

parts of the circuit

In switched communication circuits the transients may

be of sufficient length to prevent accurate detection of
the signal

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The Step Response U (t )

1
0

This is the transient response most studied

Gives a picture of a systems natural, transient response

from which the response to other inputs can be deduced

Commonly occurs in digital circuits

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Modelling of Electric Circuits

An electric circuit can be modelled as a differential

equation

Finding the transient response involves solving a

differential equation

Laplace transforms provide a means of solving

differential equations

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S-plane Analysis The Laplace

Transform

The Laplace transform reduces the solution of linear

differential equations to the solution of linear algebraic
equations

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Procedure
Diff.Eq. in X(t)
Laplace
Transform
Algebraic
Equations
in X(s)
Solve
For X(s)
Inverse
Laplace
to give X(t)
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Definitions

Laplace Transform

L X (t ) X ( s ) X (t )e st dt

Inverse Laplace Transform

1 j
st
L X ( s ) X (t )
X
(
s
)
e
ds

2j
1

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Examples Unit step

U (t )

1
0

LU (t ) U (t )e st dt

st

1.e dt

0
s

st

1
LU (t )
s
1
L U (t )
s
1

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Examples Exponential
A
FunctionX (t ) Ae
at

L Ae

at

Ae at e st dt

Ae
X (s)

s
)

L Ae at

( a s )t

sa

A
sa

A
at
L

Ae
s a
1

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Laplace Transform Table

In addition to this table, this
lecture uses the standard
mapping:

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f (t )

F (s)
s

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The Use of Laplace

Transforms in Circuit Analysis

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Example 1

Switch closed at t=0

Assuming zero initial conditions
find i (t )

R
+

V .U (t ) L

i (t )

di
Ri
dt

(after t=0)

V
L sI ( s ) i (0) RI ( s )
S
But here i(0) the initial current in the inductor must equal zero so...

V
( Ls R ) I ( s )
S

V
I (s)
s ( Ls R)

V 1 V
1

I ( s )
R s R sR L

V R
VL R (partial fraction)

s
( R sL)

R
t
V
i (t ) 1 e L
R

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(after t=0)

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Example 2

Switch closed at t=0

Assuming zero initial conditions
find i (t )

R
+

unit step

i (t )

V (t ) U (t ).V Ri (t )

1
i (t ).dt

V CR
i (t ) e , t 0
R

Hence, solution will be of the form:

V/R
0

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S-domain impedance of L, C,
R
di

For an Inductor

(with zero initial current)

V L

dt

V ( s ) L.s.I ( s )

V (s)
Z ( s)
s.L
I ( s)

For a capacitor

1
V i.dt
C

(with zero initial current)

1 I (s)
V ( s)
C s

V ( s)
1
Z (s)

I ( s ) s.C
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S-domain impedance of L, C,
R (cont.)
Impedance of an Inductor

s.L

Impedance of a capacitor

s.C

Impedance of a resistor

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S-domain representation of
switched sources

Applying a D.C. source to a circuit by moving switch at

time t=0 is equivalent to applying a step function U(t) to
the circuit.

In the Laplace domain this transforms to 1/s

ie Voltage source V plus switch, is replaced by source V/s

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Example 3

Switch closed at t=0

Assuming zero initial conditions
find i (t )

2
+

1H

1V

i (t )
F

Transformed circuit becomes..

1
2
I ( s ).2 I ( s ). I ( s ).s
s
s

1
1
I (s) 2

s 2 s 2 ( s 1) 2 1

2
+

1/s

i (t ) e t sin t

I (s )
2/s
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