Chapter 1 AFIZA ISMAIL

Introduction To Computer
Programming
(CSC425)
by
PUAN AFIZA ISMAIL

Faculty of Computer & Mathematical Sciences
UiTM MALAYSIA
2013
Introduction
Chapter One
Contents
Basic
Concept
Program Development Process
Program Control Structure
December 7, 2016
CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

PROGRAMMING
Basic Concept
Computer Programming
Program
Programmer
Programming Language
Compiler
Interpreter
Interactive Programming Environment
Algorithm
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PROGRAMMING
Basic Concept
Reasons for studying Concepts of Programming Languages :
1. Increased capacity to express ideas and solve problems.
Studying programming languages may increase the capacity

and ability of students to express their ideas in a formal,
computational form.
2. Increased ability to automate process
Programs are built mainly so that simple, or even complicated

processes to be executed automatically.
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PROGRAMMING
Basic Concept
Computer
programming
Craft of developing a computer program.

Require knowledge, skill and creativity.
Both skill and knowledge in problem solving
and programming language.
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PROGRAMMING
Basic Concept
Computer
program
Hanly [2001], List of instructions that direct
the computer to transform information from

one form to another.
Information refers to the contains of specific
memory location.
It is written using programming language.
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PROGRAMMING
Basic Concept
Computer
program
Turn data (input) into useful information
(output).
Program uses variables to store data
Input
Program
Output
Storage
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PROGRAMMING
Example
8
Basic Concept
Programming
Language
A set of rules, words and symbols are used to
write a computer program.

Generation of Programming language
Machine language
Assembly language
High Level language (Pascal, C, C++, Java etc)
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PROGRAMMING
Basic Concept
Machine
Language
Binary number codes understood by a

specific CPU.
Assembly
Language
Mnemonic codes that correspond to machine

language instructions
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PROGRAMMING
10
Basic Concept
A Machine-language Program Fragment and Its

Assembly-Language Equivalent
Memory Address
Machine-Language
Instructions
Assembly-Language
Instructions
00000000
00000000
CLA
00000001
00010101
ADD A
00000010
00010110
ADD B
00000011
00110101
STA A
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PROGRAMMING
11
Basic Concept
Type of High-level languages

Language
Application Area
Origin Name
FORTRAN
Scientific Programming
Formula Translation
COBOL
Business data Processing
Common Business-Oriented
Language
Lisp
Artificial Intelligent
List processing
System Programming
Predecessor Language was named B
Prolog
Artificial Intelligent
Logic Programming
C++
Support objects and object

oriented programming
Incremental modification of C (++ is

the C incremental operator)
Java
Supports Web Programming
Originally name Oak
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PROGRAMMING
12
Basic Concept
Compiler
Interpreter
A program that translates a high-level language

program into machine language as a complete unit
A set of program that executes the instructions as they
were translated. Interpreter executes a program from
its high-level form.
Interactive Development Environment (IDE)
A program that provides user with an environment for

editing, debugging and compiling the source code the
program on- line.
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PROGRAMMING
13
Basic Concept
Source file
A file containing a program written in a high-level
language; the input for the compiler
Syntax
Grammar rules of programming language
Object file
File of machine-language instructions that is the
output of a compiler
Algorithm
A precise step-by-step action to perform overall task of
the program.
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PROGRAMMING
14
Basic Concept
Compilation
Source File
Process
Compiler
(Input)
December 7, 2016
Object File
(Output)

PROGRAMMING
15
Computer programming is a process to

develop a computer program.
5 steps:
1. Problem analysis,
2. Program design,
3. Coding,
4. Testing, and
5. Documentation.
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PROGRAMMING
16
Problem Analysis
A process of identifying the output, processes and input of a

program.
How to identify output?
How to identify input?
Define the storage (variable) and data type to hold data

Outline the process
Input-Process-Output (IPO) chart as tool
Nouns and adjectives

Keywords print, display, produce
Nouns and adjectives

Keywords accept, enter, receive, read
Arithmetic or logic operation
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PROGRAMMING
17
Problem Analysis
Evaluate the following problem statement and identify the input

and output.
Nations Air force has asked you to write a program to

label supersonic aircraft as military or civilian. Your
program is to be given the planes observed speed in
km/h and its estimated length in meters. For planes
traveling in excess of 1100km/h, you will label those
longer than 52 meters civilian and shorter aircraft
as military. For planes traveling at slower speeds,
you will issue an aircraft type unknown message.
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PROGRAMMING
18
Input-Process-Output (IPO) chart

INPUT
speed
length
PROCESSING
Validate the speed and
length
OUTPUT
Speed >1100km/h AND

length > 52m
Speed > 1100km/h AND
length <= 52m
Speed <= 1100km/h
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PROGRAMMING
Classification
Can be one if the
following values
Civilian
Military
Aircraft type unknown
19

Program
Design
Developing an algorithm
Tools used for Program Design are: Flow Chart
Pseudo Code
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PROGRAMMING
20

Algorithm
is a precise step-by-step
action to perform overall task of the
program.
Can be represented either using
flowchart or pseudo-code
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PROGRAMMING
21
A set of symbols and edges used in flow chart:

Terminal (Begin and End)
Condition/Evaluation
To represent the process
Input/Output Operation
Direction
Example
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PROGRAMMING
22
Flow chart
Begin
Read Speed
Read Length
False
Speed > 1100
True
Length > 52
True
False
Classification = Military
Classification = Aircraft Type Unknown
Classification = Civilian
Display classification
End
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PROGRAMMING
23
Desk-Check the algorithm

Speed
Length
Classification
1170
35
1180
56
900
66
800
34
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PROGRAMMING
24

Coding
Implement the flowchart or pseudo code into
specific programming language rules (syntax)
Identify the storage requirement
Compilation
Error correction
Syntax Error,
Logic Error or
Runtime Error
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PROGRAMMING
Source Code
25

Testing
Program must be freed from syntax error

Use a set of test data to validate the output.
Program must produce receive valid input and
produce correct output.
Program must handle invalid input efficiently.
Does the program accept out of range value?
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PROGRAMMING
26

Documentation
User manual
Program description
capability, limitation, user guide
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PROGRAMMING
27
There are SIX basic operation:
1. Accept Input through keyboard or files

2. Produce Output and displayed it on screen
of file
3. Assign value to a storage
4. Perform arithmetic and logic
5. Make decision using selection statement
6. Repeat the same action
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PROGRAMMING
28

THREE
types of control structure:
Sequential Structure
Selection Structure
Iteration Structure (Repetition or loop)
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PROGRAMMING
29
Sequential Structure
ALL statement(s) will be executed from top to bottom.

Statement can be an input/output statement or a processing
statement.
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PROGRAMMING
30

Sequential
Structure
Begin
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement n
End
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PROGRAMMING
31
Sequential Structure (Flow Chart)

Begin
Read Number1,
Number2
Compute Total
Compute Average
Print Total
and Average
End
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PROGRAMMING
32

Selection
Structure
Provides alternative actions

Only one action will be executed
Three
types:
One-way Selection
Two-way Selection
Multi-way Selection
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PROGRAMMING
33
One-way Selection
Two-way Selection
A set of statements will be executed if and only the

condition is TRUE.
Either one of two set of statements will be executed if
the condition is TRUE.
Multi-way Selection
Has more than one conditions and alternative set

statements.
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PROGRAMMING
34
One-way Selection (Flow Chart)

Begin
Condition
FALSE
TRUE
Statement (s)
End
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PROGRAMMING
35

One-way
Selection (Example)
Begin
Read Score
FALSE
Score >= 50
TRUE
Status is Passed
End
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PROGRAMMING
36
Two-way Selection (Flow Chart)

Begin
Condition
FALSE
TRUE
Statement (s)
Statement (s)
End
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PROGRAMMING
37

Two-way
Selection (Example)
Begin
Read Score
Score >= 50
FALSE
TRUE
Status is Passed
Status is Failed
End
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PROGRAMMING
38

Two-way
Selection (Example)
Begin
Read Score
Score >= 50
FALSE
TRUE
Status is Passed
Status is Failed
End
December 7, 2016

PROGRAMMING
39
Multi-way Selection (Flow Chart)

Begin
Condition 1
TRUE
Statement (s)
FALSE
Condition 2
TRUE
Statement (s)
FALSE
Condition n
FALSE
TRUE
Statement (s)
Statement (s)
End
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PROGRAMMING
40
Multi-way Selection (Example)

Begin
code = M
TRUE
gender is Male
FALSE
code = F
FALSE
TRUE
gender is Female
Status is Unknown
End
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PROGRAMMING
41

Iteration
or loops
Perform the same operation more than once

A set of statements will be executed more
than once
Example Read 40 students score and
compute the total.
Can be controlled either by counter or
sentinel value.
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PROGRAMMING
42
Counter Controlled loop flowchart:
Initialize counter
Test
True
False
Exit loop
Statement(s)
update counter
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PROGRAMMING
43
The following flowchart illustrate the process of reading

five (5) numbers and calculate the total
count = 0
count < 5
False
True
Read a
number
exit loop
Add number to total

Count + 1
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PROGRAMMING
44
Sentinel Controlled loop flowchart:
Test
Sentinel value
False
True
Statement(s)
Exit loop
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PROGRAMMING
45
The following flowchart illustrate the process of reading a series

of students scores and compute the total score. The process
will stop if the value of score read is equal to 999.
Read score
Score <> 999?
False
True
Exit loop
Add score to total
Read Score
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PROGRAMMING
46

What
are the differences between

counter controlled loop and sentinel
controlled loop?
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PROGRAMMING
47
Self Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Write a flow chart to calculate and display an average of three

numbers using sequential design
Rewrite the above design, determine whether the average is
higher than 50 or not. Display the appropriate message for
each case.
Rewrite problem 1 using iteration any iteration approach.
Write a flow chart to calculate an average score of 20
students.
Write a flow chart to calculate an average of a series positive
numbers. The process will stop if number entered has a
negative value.
The cost to send a telegram to UK is RM15.50 for the first 15
letters and RM0.50 for the subsequent letters. Draw a
flowchart to calculate the cost of sending the telegram.
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PROGRAMMING
48
References
Jeri R. hanly, Essential C++ for Engineers and

Scientists, 2nd Edition, Addison Wesley
J. Glenn Brookshear, Computer Science An Overview,
8th Edition, Pearson Addison Wesley
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PROGRAMMING
49
Example 1
(Input Process Output)
Number1 (40)
Number2 (30)
Calculate
total
Total (70)
Number1 [ 40 ]
Number2 [ 30 ]
Total [70 ]
Back
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PROGRAMMING
50
Example 2 (Flow Chart)

Begin
Read two
numbers
Calculate Total
Print Total
End
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PROGRAMMING
Back
51
Source Code
#include <iostream.h>
#include <string.h>
//program to classify the type of aircraft
main()
{
int speed, length;
char classfication[30];
cout << Enter Observed speed : ;
cin >> length;
cout << Enter estimated length : ;
cin >> length;
if (speed > 1100)
if (length > 52)
strcpy(classification,civilian);
else
strcpy(classification,Military);
else
strcpy(classification,Aircraft type unknown);
cout << Classification is << classification << endl;
return 0;
}//end main()
December 7, 2016
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PROGRAMMING
52

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Introduction To Computer

PUAN AFIZA ISMAIL

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Studying programming languages may increase the capacity

Programs are built mainly so that simple, or even complicated

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Craft of developing a computer program.

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Hanly [2001], List of instructions that direct

the computer to transform information from

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Turn data (input) into useful information

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

A set of rules, words and symbols are used to

write a computer program.

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Binary number codes understood by a

Mnemonic codes that correspond to machine

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

A Machine-language Program Fragment and Its

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Type of High-level languages

Business data Processing

Predecessor Language was named B

Support objects and object

Incremental modification of C (++ is

Supports Web Programming

Originally name Oak

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

A program that translates a high-level language

Interactive Development Environment (IDE)

A program that provides user with an environment for

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Program Development Process

Computer programming is a process to

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Program Development Process

A process of identifying the output, processes and input of a

How to identify input?

Define the storage (variable) and data type to hold data

Input-Process-Output (IPO) chart as tool

Nouns and adjectives

Nouns and adjectives

Arithmetic or logic operation

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Program Development Process

Evaluate the following problem statement and identify the input

Nations Air force has asked you to write a program to

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Program Development Process

Input-Process-Output (IPO) chart

Speed >1100km/h AND

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Program Development Process

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Program Development Process

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Program Development Process

A set of symbols and edges used in flow chart:

To represent the process