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Lecture # 12
Registers, Counters
UMT SIALKOT
REGISTERS
individual flip-flops.
examples.
Most
memory.
More
calculations.
A BASIC REGISTER
signal.
A BASIC REGISTER
A BASIC REGISTER
At each positive-edge, 4
bits are loaded in
parallel
Previous data is
overwritten
I0
Asynchronous clear
When Clear = 0, all FFs
are cleared; i.e. 0 is
stored.
A0
A1
A2
A3
R
I1
D
R
I2
D
R
Common Clear
I3
CLK
Reset
D
R
If
inputs D3-D0.
LD
0
1
Q(t+1)
Q(t)
D3-D0
CLOCK GATING
CLOCK GATING
SHIFT REGISTERS
Q0(t+1) = SI
Q1(t+1) = Q0(t)
Q2(t+1) = Q1(t)
Q3(t+1) = Q2(t)
SHIFT REGISTERS
SHIFT DIRECTION
Present Q0-Q3
ABCD
SI
X
Next Q0-Q3
XABC
SHIFT DIRECTION
Present Q3-Q0
DCBA
SI
X
Next Q3-Q0
CBAX
Computers
typically
work
with
multiple-bit
quantities.
ASCII
Integers,
Output
Any
Recent
The serial device transmits one bit of data per clock cycle.
After four clock cycles, the shift register will hold a four-bit word.
The computer then reads all four bits at once from the Q3-Q0
computer
SUMMARY
COUNTERS
COUNTERS
Present State
A
B
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
Next State
A
B
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
00
1
11
01
1
10
BENEFITS OF COUNTERS
The PC increments once on each clock cycle, and the next program
instruction is then executed.
ASYNCHRONOUS COUNTERS
ASYNCHRONOUS COUNTERS
ASYNCHRONOUS COUNTERS
If the clock has period T. Q0 has period 2T. Q1
period is 4T
With n flip flops the period is 2n.
SYNCHRONOUS COUNTERS
Clock
D3 Q3
A2
S2
D2 Q2
A1
S1
D1 Q1
A0
S0
D0 Q0
state.
SOLUTION 1: (MEALY)
SOLUTION 2: (MOORE)
WHAT IS RAM?
INTRODUCTION TO RAM
Random-access
memory,
or
RAM,
provides
large
ABOUT RAM
PICTURE OF MEMORY
Address
00000000
00000001
00000002
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
FFFFFFFD
FFFFFFFE
FFFFFFFF
Data
CACHE MEMORY
A
computer
normally,
your
computer
will