PETROLOGY

1. Description of rocks
2. Classification of rocks
3. Theories on how these rocks formed

Crystallize from molten

material
Magma - below the
Earth's surface
Lava - erupts onto the
Earth's surface through
a volcano or crack
(fissure)
Lava cools more
quickly because it is on
the surface.

Cooling Rates
Cooling rates
influence the
texture if the
igneous rock:
Quick cooling =
fine grains
Slow cooling =
coarse grains

EKTRUSIF/VULCONIK (Batuan Beku

Luar)
1. Terbentuk di permukaan bumi.
2. Pembentukan mineral berjalan cepat
3. Kristalisasi tidak terjadi/kurang
sempurna
4. Ukuran mineral tidak dapat dilihat
dengan mata.
5. Tekstur halus

INTRUSIF/PLUTONIK (Batuan Beku

Dalam)
1.
2.
3.
4.

Terbentuk jauh di dalam bumi.

Pembentukan mineral berjalan lambat
Kristalisasi sempurna
Ukuran mineral dapat dilihat dengan
mata.
5. Tekstur kasar

Igneous textures
Glassy =
instantaneou
s cooling
Obsidian
(volcanic
glass)

 Aphanitic - fine
grain size (< 1
mm); result of
quick cooling
Basalt
Rhyolite
Andesite

Phaneritic coarse grain

size; visible
grains (1-10
mm); result of
slow cooling
Granite
Diorite
Gabbro

Vesicular - contains tiny

holes called vesicles
which formed due to
gas bubbles in the
lava or magma. Very
porous. May resemble
a sponge. Commonly
low density; may float
on water.

Composition of Igneous
Rocks
1.
2.
3.
4.

Felsic (granitic or Sialic )

Intermediate (or andesitic)
Mafic (or basaltic)
Ultramafic

Felsic (granitic or Sialic )

Dominated by silicon and aluminum (SiAl)

Usually light in color
Characteristic of continental crust
Rock types include: Granite, Riolite
Accecories mineral :potassium feldspar
(generally pink or white) , Na-plagioclase feldspar
(generally white) , quartz (generally gray or
colorless) , biotite

Intermediate (or andesitic)

Intermediate in composition between sialic
and mafic
Rock types include:
Andesite (aphanitic)
Diorite (phaneritic)
Accecories mineral :
plagioclase feldspar, amphibole, pyroxene,
biotite, quartz

Mafic (or
basaltic)
Contains abundant ferromagnesian
minerals (magnesium and iron silicates)
Usually dark in color (dark gray to black)
Characteristic of Earth's oceanic crust,
Hawaiian volcanoes
Forms a runny (low viscosity) lava
Rock types include: Basalt, Gabbro

Ultramafic
Almost entirely magnesium and iron silicates
(ferromagnesian minerals)
Rock types include:
Peridotite (phaneritic)
dominated by olivine - the birthstone is Peridot, which
gives its name to Peridotite

Minerals commonly present include:

Olivine is dominant. (Olivine is olive green).
may have minor amounts of pyroxene and Caplagioclase

Order of crystallization
by Dr. N.L. Bowen

MAFIC

GABBRO
This is a mafic
igneous
intrusive rock.

DIORITE
This speckled
coarse-grained
specimen is an
intermediate
composition
igneous
intrusive rock.

GRANITE This is a felsic intrusive rock.

BASALT
This typically
dark, mafic to
ultramafic
volcanic rock is
apparently
featureless.
The presence
of olivine
suggests it is
ultramafic.

RHYOLITE
The lighter
colour is
indicative of the
felsic
composition of
this extrusive
rock.

Kelompok Batuan Beku

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Rhyolit Granit
Trachit- Syenit
Dasit-Kwarsa Dasit
Andesit-Diorit
Gabro-Basalt