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Theory
A Brief History
Vocabulary
Aristotle
(circa. 400 B.C.)
Matter is not made of particles, but rather is
continuous.
The continuous matter is called hyle.
There were only four elements
Democritus
(circa. 400 B.C.)
Pre-Atomic Postulates
John Dalton
(early 1803)
Law of Multiple
Proportions
Amedo Avogadro
The Experiment
Further experimentation
Conclusions
Thomson Model
The discovery of the electron by J. J.
Thomson showed that atoms did have some
kind of internal structure.
The Thomson model of the atom described
the atom as a "pudding" of positive charge,
with negatively charged electrons
embedded
Negatively
charged particles
later named
electrons
Lord Rutherfords
Experiment
Ernest Rutherford conducted
experiments to test the Thomson model
He directed alpha particles through a
thin gold foil and measured them with a
film
Most particles went through the foil
Rutherfords Hypothesis
England, 1911
Conclusion
Protons
The discovery was made and protons were
recognized
The mass of a proton is 2000x the mass of
an electron
1.673 x 10-27 kg
Coulombs Law
Since like charges repel, how can the
nucleus be stable with protons (+) and
neutrons (0)?
Coulombs Law: the closer two charges
are, the greater the force between them
As the distance between like charges
decreases, the force between them
increases.
Elemental Quandary
Visible-line Spectrum
When an elemental gas is excited by
electricity, it emits a distinct visible light
pattern.
The color of each spectral line is identified
by the wavelength ()
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Wavelength
Frequency
Frequency is the measurement of the
number of times that a repeated event
occurs per unit of time (Hz)
The blue wave has the greatest frequency.
Hydrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
Xenon
Niels Bohr
Denmark, 1913
In 1913, Bohr proposed that electrons were
restricted to certain fixed circular orbits.
Orbits are energy levels
Electrons can jump from ground state to an
excited state by absorbing energy or a
photon with the precise wavelength.
Neils Bohr
(early
1900s)
Electrons
travel around the nucleus in specific
energy levels.
Electrons have a ground state and an excited
state
Electrons do not radiate energy in their
normal energy level called the ground
state.
Electrons absorb energy and move to
energy levels further from the nucleus
called excited states.
Electrons lose energy (light) as they return
to lower energy levels.
Excited States
Nucleus
Ground
State
de Broglie
Max Plank
Albert Einstein
Heisenberg
Erwin Schrodinger
Max Plank
Germany, 1918
de Broglie, 1924
Albert Einstein
Einstein was simultaneously working on
Heisenberg, 1925
Erwin Schrdinger
Austria, 1920s
Schrdinger Wave
Equation
2/x2 + 2/y2 + 2/z2 + 82m/h2(EV)=0
(E-V) = 2 2me4/h2n2
The
Another View
Start-up
Answer the following
questions in your
notes:
Which of these conclusions can be drawn from
Rutherfords experiment?
A. Each atom contains electrons.
B. The nucleus of an atom can be split.
C. Each atom contains protons.
D. Atoms are mostly empty space.
Lets Review
Thomson Model
The discovery of the electron by J. J.
Thomson showed that atoms did have some
kind of internal structure.
The Thomson model of the atom described
the atom as a "pudding" of positive charge,
with negatively charged electrons
embedded
Rutherford Model
Nuclear Model
Niels Bohr
The Bohr Model is probably familiar as the
"planetary model" of the atom, the figure is
used as a symbol for atomic energy
The neutrons and protons occupy a dense
central region called the nucleus, and the
electrons orbit the nucleus much like
planets orbiting the Sun
Max Plank
Erwin Schrdinger
The Theory
Thank You