G RF Optimization 20090310 A 4.0

Security Level:
RF Optimization
ISSUE4.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
www.huawei.com
Huawei Confidential
RF Optimization is a phase of
Network
optimization,
which
optimize signal coverage, network

quality,
handover
performance
through tuning antenna.
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After the course ,you will know
RF optimization location on the

whole optimization procedure
RF optimization detail procedure
RF optimization common problems
&solving method
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Reference Material
G-RF optimization guide document
G-Handover&call drop optimization
guide document
G-handover
handle
guide
document
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Chapter1 Overview of RF optimization

Chapter2
Procedure
for
RF
Optimization
Chapter3 Output of RF Optimization
Chapter4 RF problem Analysis
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Position of RF optimization in network

RF optimization functions differently in different phases:
optimization
In the initial tuning phase of network construction, RF
optimization plays a leading role. Such optimization focuses on

network engineering but sidelines network performance.
In the NPI phase and the ongoing phase, the focus of network
optimization shifts to services, while RF optimization plays a
second role.
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Strategy for RF Optimization

Different strategies shall be provided in the phases of
the RF optimization. Generally, the RF optimization

involves the following contents:
main routes
Optimization
Strategy for RFFine cluster

optimization optimization
Tuning of
the entire
network
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Chapter1
Overview
of
RF
Procedure
for
RF
optimization
Chapter2
Optimization
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Procedure for RF optimization

The
RF
optimization
includes 4 steps
Start RF Optimization
Preparations
Identify target KPI
Divide Cluster
Determine test route
Prepare tools
and documents
Preparations
Data collection
Problem analysis
Tuning implementation
Engineering parameters
Adjacent cell parameters
Data collection
DT&CQT test Traffic statistic
Data configuration Hardware alarm
Subscriber complaints
Problem analysis
Coverage
Quality
Handover
Satisfied all KPIs
Over
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Chapter
Procedure
for
optimization
2.1 Preparations
2.2 Data collection
2.3 Problem analysis
2.4 Tuning implementation
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RF
Preparations Identify target KPI

The emphasis of the RF optimization is to solve the problems associated with
network
coverage
and
quality.
In
practice,
carriers
have
different
KPI
requirements, index definitions, and concerns; so the objective of the RF

optimization is to meet the requirements for the indexes related to the coverage
and quality in a contract (commercial office) or in a planning report (pilot office).
Acceptance
Contents
Reference Value
Remarks
Coverage Rate
95% of Rx_Level in all the

samples -95 dBm
This is one of the most important KPIs in the DT.

The index is used to evaluate RxLev_Sub in the call state through Long Call (MS
calls a fixed-line phone).
Receive quality
95% of Rx_Quality in all the

samples 4
This is one of the most important KPIs in the DT.

The index is used to evaluate RxQual_Sub in the call state through Long Call (MS
Call setup success

rate
CSSR 96%
This is one of the KPIs to evaluate the DT Event.

CSSR(%) = assignment complete times/Channel Request times x 100%
The index is used to evaluate a call setup event through Short Call (MS1 calls a
fixed-line phone).
Call drop rate
CDR < 2%

CDR(%) = call drop times/successful call times * 100%
The index is used to evaluate a call drop event through Short Call (MS1 calls a
fixed phone or MS2).
Handover success
rate
HSR 96%

HSR(%) = successful handover times/handover command times * 100%
The index is used to evaluate the handover performance through Long Call (MS
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Preparations Divide cluster (1)

The RF optimization and verification are performed by clusters. The
clusters shall be divided based on the following principles:

1. The division principles and result of clusters are negotiated and
confirmed with the customer.
2. A cluster generally covers 10 to 30 sites. More or less sites are not
recommended.
3. The clusters can be divided into different types (for example, urban
or remote) according to the coverage areas by sites; The KPI
requirements for different clusters are different.
4. Effect of the terrain to be considered in the cluster division: The
terrain can affect the propagation of signals.
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Preparations Divide cluster (2)
5. Division of administrative regions: If a coverage area to be

optimized belongs to multiple administrative regions, it is
acceptable for the customer to divide clusters according to
different administrative regions.
6. Effect of the DT workload: When dividing clusters, you need to
consider that the DT in each cluster shall be completed in one day.
About two to four hours are generally recommended for one DT.
Example
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Preparations Determine test route

Before
the DT, you first need to
confirm the DT route of KPIs with the

customer.
If
the
customer
has
predefined DT route, the DT route of

KPIs shall cover the predefined DT
route. If the predefined DT route is not
covered due to some objective factors,
you need to describe this case in time.
KPI DT acceptance route is the most
important route
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Preparations Tools and
Before the RF optimization, you need to prepare for necessary

documents
software, hardware and documents to ensure the subsequent test
and analysis. The preparations are described as follows:
1 Preparations for Software

Software
Function
Remarks
Genex Probe
Collect the DT data.
Other software such as TEMS and

NEMO can also be used.
Genex Assistant
Analyze the DT data on

the background.
Other background software such as

Actix Spotlight, Analyzer, and Nemo
Analyzer can also be used.
Genex Nastar
Analyze the
performance, check the
health, and locate the
problems.
Genex U-net
Forecast the tuning

effect.
Mapinfo
Display the map and

create the route data.
Optional.
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documents
2 Preparations for hardware
Hardware
Item
Remarks
Test terminal
Compliant with test

software.
At least two test terminals are

required: One tests the data in the
idle state, and the other tests the data
in the call state. If the PS service is
required for simultaneous test, at
least three test terminals should be
available for use.
Notebook computer
Used for installation of

the foreground test
software.
Other DT equipment
GPS, data cable,

antenna, and dongle.
Vehicle mounted
inverter
DC to AC, over 300 W.
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documents
3 Preparations for documents
Document
Mandatory
Remarks
Engineering parameter
table
Yes
The table is a most key factor to ensure

the RF optimization.
Digital map
Yes
The digital map is used to create a test

route and guide the RF optimization.
KPI requirements
Yes
Network configuration
parameters
Yes
Site survey report
No
Verification report of a
single site
No
Test route
Yes
The test route is used to guide the test

of clusters.
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Chapter
Procedure
for
optimization
2.1 Preparations
2.2 Data collection
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RF
Data collection
Traffic
statistic
DT
Subscrib
er
complain
t
Data
collection
Data
configuration
Alarm
Data
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DT
DT test method
The DT in the RF optimization is to optimize RF signals;
so the services to be tested are relatively simple. The

DT
test
generally
covers
the
following
task
combinations:
Idle test (DT) + CS Voice Call short call (DT) + CS Voice
Call long call (DT)
Idle test (DT) + CS Voice Call long call (DT)
Idle test (DT) + CS Voice Cal short call (DT)
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DT
Cooperation with the OMC Equipment Room when doing
DT
The DT in the RF optimization can only be used to
obtain the formation about downlink signals.
In addition, the cooperation with the OMC equipment

room is required to comprehensively analyze the
information about a network.
For example, you can obtain an uplink test report

(uplink RxLev and RxQual) on the air interface of an
MS to be tested in the single-user signaling tracing
mode at the BSC.
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DT
Feedback and Optimization of the DT Route
after the initial DT is complete, the tester shall feed the
information about the DT back to the person in charge of the RF

optimization. The information includes the following:
The time taken for the DT route.
The problematic road sections such as one-way street and
difficult road sections.
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Collection of traffic statistic

Traffic
statistics
tasks
optimization
involved
in
the
RF
Traffic Statistics Task
Remarks
KPI Measurement per Cell
In the call measurement (CALL),

this task is used to fast evaluate the KPIs of each cell in a cluster.
Outgoing Internal Inter-Cell Handover Measurement per Cell

this task is used to analyze cell handover, for example, analyzing the
difference between the radio handover success rate and the handover success
rate, and analyzing the handover type of each cell.
Outgoing External Inter-Cell Handover Measurement per Cell

Incoming Internal Inter-Cell Handover Measurement per Cell
Incoming External Inter-Cell Handover Measurement per Cell
GSM Cell to GSM Cell Outgoing Handover Measurement
GSM Cell to GSM Cell Incoming Handover Measurement

this task is used to analyze the performance of cell-to-cell handover and serves
as a guide for handover troubleshooting.
Call Drop Measurement per Cell

this task is used to analyze the call drop.
Channel Seizure Measurement per TRX

this task is used to analyze the channel seizure success rate to find a
problematic carrier frequency.
Channel Configuration Measurement per Cell
In the channel measurement (CHAN),

this task is used to analyze the blocking and fault of a TRX.
Channel Assignment Failure Measurement per Cell
In the channel measurement (CHAN),

this task is used to analyze the congestion on a TCH.
Uplink-and-Downlink Balance Measurement per TRX
In the measurement report measurement (MR),

this task is used to comprehensively evaluate the uplink and downlink receive
quality and interference. The TA measurement is used to evaluate the crossarea coverage by cells.
Number of MRs based on TA per TRX

Interference band measurement per TRX
Receive Quality Measurement per TRX
TCHF Receive Level Measurement per TRX
TCHH Receive Level Measurement per TRX
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Collection of data configuration

The OMC equipment room is responsible for collecting the
latest data configuration file at the BSC of the cell in the

cluster to be tested and sending it to the engineer
responsible for parameter check.
For the collection details, refer to G-OMC Operation Guide
BSC32 3.1.5 Backup Data Configuration(autocfg.dat)
BSC6000 4.1.4 Backup lmt.dat to Local PC
External PCU 5.3.2 Collecting PCU Information
The cluster optimization generally involves the optimization and
check of an external neighbor cell; so you need to obtain the data
configuration file at the BSC of the external neighbor cell.
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Alarm collection
The OMC equipment room is responsible for collecting
the current alarms and history alarms (in the past

week) of all the cells in the cluster to be tested and
sending them to the analyzer responsible for the RF
optimization.
For the details on alarm collection, refer to section 2.4 "Managing
Alarms" in the G-OMC Operation Guide.
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Subscriber complaint
Collect subscriber complaints, especially complaints

by VIP subscribers and the subscribers in a VIP area
If the DT does not cover the complaints, the CQT shall
be performed to make test calls and locate the

problems on the spot.
For details on the preparations for the CQT and the
test methods, refer to the related sections in the GSMDT&CQT Test Guide.
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Chapter
Procedure
for
optimization
2.1 Preparations
2.2 Data collection
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RF
Problem analysis
RF evaluation
The procedure for the RF optimization is the same as that for
other optimization, that is, evaluate a problem, and then

analyze the problem, finally solve the problem.
It seems simple but difficult to evaluate top N problems in an
area from a DT log file. This is because the DT does not

reflect the comprehensive performance of clusters, cells and
TRXs as the traffic statistics does, and the DT only reflects
more exterior factors to engineers.
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Problem analysis
RF enviroment
Network structure Site distribution and test route

Cell coverage map
Statistics for Receive Level
Statistics for Receive Quality
Statistics for both Receive
Level and Quality
TA statistics
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Problem analysis
Event statistics
Call Setup OK
Call Setup Failure
Call Complete
Call Dropped
Handover OK
Handover Failure
Location Update OK
Location Update Failure

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Chapter
Procedure
for
optimization
2.1 Preparations
2.2 Data collection
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RF
RF optimization is to find out network problems through test and
traffic statistics, and then solve coverage and interference problems

by optimizing engineering parameters.
Poor quality caused by

poor receive level
Poor coverage lower than the
planned value or over-low
Increasing the power of cabinet top
Checking the data of neighbor cells
Tuning the downtilt angle, azimuth
Interference
high level and low quality
angle, and height of an antenna
Adding repeaters or Micro-cells
Adding BTS
Tuning the antenna, decreasing set

top power to reduce overlapping and
Adding new sectors and using highgain antennas
Increasing the dominant coverage
cross-area coverage
Checking frequency planning

(BCCH,BSIC,TCH,MA,MAIO,and HSN)
Checking the planning data of the

serving cell and neighbors
Enabling
the
DTX
and
control
Checking external interference
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power
Overlapping coverage
beyond the planned coverage
Re-planning the azimuth angle of the blocked

angle and height of an antenna
Blocking of an antenna
antenna
Raising the height of an antenna (as long as
Tuning the transmit power of the TRX
cross-area coverage does not occur)

Relocating
the
antenna
(considering
the
requirements of horizontal and vertical beam

widths for the location and height)
Cross-area coverage

angle, and height of an antenna
Imbalance between
uplink and downlink
Tuning the transmit power of the TRX
Checking and adjusting neighbor data
Checking the link budget of a site
Dividing network layers
Analyzing
Adjusting neighbor data
the
uplink/downlink
unbalanced TRX based on the

traffic statistics data
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These operations are arranged as follows from high priority
to low priority:
Modifying the frequency planning
Tuning the downtilt angle of an antenna
Tuning the azimuth angle of an antenna
Tuning the output power
Tuning the antenna height
Relocating an antenna
Changing an antenna model
Adding TMAs
Changing a site type (for example, changing the omni-directional
site to sector 3 site)
Relocating a site
Adding sites/RRUs
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Chapter1
Overview
of
RF
Procedure
for
RF
optimization
Chapter2
Optimization
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Output of RF Optimization Report

You should submit an RF optimization report to the
customer in a formal way as a summary and effect

presentation.
Signature of the customer finishes the RF optimization
in a region.
Generally, an RF optimization report includes:
Parameter checking
Test paths before and after optimization
Comparison of DT effects (RxLev, RxQual, and Event) before
and after optimization
Problem analysis and handling in an optimization region
CR records of an optimization region
Updated engineering parameter table
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Chapter1
Overview
of
RF
Procedure
for
RF
optimization
Chapter2
Optimization
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Chapter
RF
problem
analysis
4.1 Coverage problem analysis
4.2 Quality problem analysis
4.3 Handover problem analysis
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Coverage problem analysis

The solution to coverage problems plays an important role in the RF
optimization. The coverage involves:
downlink coverage
uplink coverage
GSM is a frequency reuse system. Proper coverage is provided in a
GSM network, that is, neither too much overshooting nor too much
poor coverage exists in areas.
Seen from poor coverage and overshooting, the coverage problems
are categorized into five types
Coverage hole
Lack of dominant coverage
Cross-area coverage
Overlapping coverage
Uplink and downlink unbalancing
Poor
coverage
Overshooting
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Factors affecting DL coverage

RxLev(DL)
1 = (P L L L L L L G ) Lp
BTS
com
con
aj
ant
the key factors affecting downlink coverage are categorized as follows:

Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)
In the same propagation loss, the greater the EIRP is, the better the
downlink coverage is.
The formula of the EIRP is as follows:
EiRP = PBTS Lcom Lj La Lf Lcon Laj Gant
The key factors affecting the ERIP are described as follows:
PBTS is the transmit power of a TRX and is determined by Power Type,

Power Level, and Power Finetune of the TRX.
Lcom is the combiner loss and is determined by the TRX type and the site
configuration mode.
Gant is the antenna gain, and each antenna has a different gain.
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Factors affecting DL coverage

Path loss (Lp)
2
Many formulas (propagation models) for path loss are provided in different
scenarios, but the key factors affecting path loss can be categorized as
follows:
Frequency band: The propagation loss differs at each frequency band.
The higher the frequency band is, the greater the loss is.
Antenna height: If the EIRP and the downtilt angle of the antenna keep
unchanged, the higher the antenna is, the wider the cell coverage is.
Distance of a receive point from the BTS
Propagation scenarios (urban and suburban areas) and terrain (plains,
mountains and hills)
Downtilt angle of an antenna
The greater the downtilt angle is, the closer the cell coverage is. A great
downtilt angle is applicable to a dense urban area. When the EIRP keeps
unchanged, the great downtilt angle both controls the coverage and
enhances the in-depth coverage.
Azimuth angle. The azimuth angle determines the coverage direction of
the horizontal beam of an antenna. If the azimuth angle does not point at
the required coverage direction due to the planning reason, you need to
tune the azimuth angle
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Factors affecting UL coverage

RxLev(UL) = PMS Lp Gant Gdiv Laj Lcon Lf La Lj
Compared
with
the
factors
affecting
downlink
coverage, the factors affecting uplink coverage are

categorized as follows:
Receiver sensitivity of a BTS.
Gdiv Diversity gain of an antenna
PMS Transmit power of an MS
Lp Uplink propagation loss, similar to downlink

propagation loss.
TMA.(This formula doesnt include it
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Analysis and Handling of Poor Coverage

Coverage hole
A coverage hole is defined as follows:
RxLevSub of a serving cell < RxLevSub_Min threshold (for example, -95 dBm) and
RxLev (BCCH) of a neighbor cell < RxLevSub_Min threshold (for example, -95 dBm)
Lack of dominant coverage
The lack of dominant coverage belongs to one of poor coverage problems. In an

area without dominant coverage, the receive level is average or poor due to the
planning or terrain reason, and an MS cannot camp on a cell. In addition, the C/I of
the serving cell is unstable due to the frequency reuse to cause handover failure or
call drop.
Downlink receive level in scenarios
Coverage
Classifications
DL RxLev
Threshold
Good In-building
-70 dBm
Urban high\medium\low density, skyscrapers, airport
Average In-building
-78 dBm
Suburban, industrial
Good In-car
-85 dBm
Suburban dense vegetation, open, village, town, river
Average In-car
-88 dBm
Agricultural, high tree density
Outdoor
-92 dBm
Water
Coverage Classifications
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Analysis and Handling of Poor Coverage
After determining a poor coverage area, further analyze the following contents
whether the cell dominantly covering the area works properly, check whether a
hardware fault occurs
Judge whether the BTSs covering this area also have the problem.
Ensure maximum EIRP in important area coverage
check the engineering parameters of sectors such as the downtilt angle, the
azimuth angle, the antenna gain, and the antenna height.
If there are a large number of subscribers in the non-overlapping area of the
neighbor BTSs or the overlapping area is small, and which cannot be solved
through antenna tuning, suggest a new BTS to solve the problem with a
coverage hole and give the recommended location of the new BTS.
Analyze the effect of scenarios and terrains on the coverage.Check whether high
mountains or buildings exist around a poor coverage area, or a special solution
is required for a poor coverage area.
a. In a coverage area affected by terrains such as valleys and mountainside
backs, you can add a BTS or an RRU to extend the coverage.
b. In the signal blind zones such as elevator shafts, tunnels, underground
garages or basements, and high building insides, you can solve the problem
with the RRU, indoor distribution system, leaky cable, or directional antenna.
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Analysis and Handling of Overshooting

Cross-area coverage
The following two means to search for the cells with cross-area
coverage:
Take statistics for the distance of each test point from the serving cell with
the background processing software, and the find the test areas far from
the serving cell or find the areas with an overlarge TA from the test log.
Distance of a test point from the serving cell > MaxServerDistant (for
example, 2 km for Urban) or
TA of the serving cell > Max TA
>Use the task of Number of MRs based on TA per TRX in the traffic
statistics at the BSC to take statistics for the TA distribution of all cells
in an area to be optimized.
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Overshooting analyse:
After determining the cells with cross-area coverage, analyze the
reasons for causing cross-area coverage with the emulation software

or the formula. Before using a theoretical model to guide the tuning
scheme, then set up the consistency between the actual coverage
and the forecast coverage. Ensure accurate engineering parameters
such as feeder parameters (horizontal half power angle and vertical
half power angle) ,feeder height, and downtilt angle.
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cross-area coverage measures
Tune the azimuth angle
Tune the
Reduce the
Lower the
downtilt
transmit
height of an
angle of the
power of a
antenna
antenna
TRX
of an antenna.
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Coverage overlapping
Find a coverage overlapping area with the background analysis software.
The filtering conditions are described as follows:
The number of neighbor cells with ServBCCH_RxLev-NborRxLev[n] less

than 5 is greater than or equal to 3.
The receive level is greater than -70 dBm.
Frequent handover occurs in the area.
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Uplink and Downlink Unbalancing

This problem is analyzed and solved based on the traffic statistics
instead of the background processing software. For the solution to

uplink and downlink unbalancing, refer to the GSM BSS KPI (Uplink
and Downlink Unbalancing) Optimization Manual. The contents in the
optimization manual include the definition of uplink and downlink
unbalancing, how to locate the problem based on the signaling and
traffic statistics, the solution idea, and the analysis procedure.
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Cases of Coverage Problems

Coverage
Hole
Caused
by
the
Installation of a Main Transmit

Antenna
Description
The coverage level of the road section

2 km far from the directional BTS is
low (only -90 dBm), and a poor
coverage area
is
formed
between
BTSs.
[Cause
Analysis]
Wrong
Correct
1 Check the directional BTS for a hardware fault and the parameter configuration.
2 Check the feeder installation and find the plane formed by the main
transmit
antenna and the diversity receive antenna runs parallel with the road direction, which
does not comply with the installation specifications.
3 The plane formed by the main transmit antenna and the diversity receive antenna
runs vertical with the road direction, and the main transmit antenna is close to one side
of the road.
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Cases of Coverage Problems

Coverage Hole Caused by the Installation of a Main
Transmit Antenna
[Handling Procedure
1 Install the antenna in the way shown in Figure 5-25.
2 Retest the level in the poor coverage area between BTSs and find
the level is about -80 dBm. Till now, the problem is solved.
[Suggestion and Summary]
3 For an directional BTS, the main transmit antenna shall be installed on
the side closest to the dominant coverage area as much as possible.
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Poor Coverage Caused by Missing of

Neighbor Cells
[Description]
The signal coverage in a suburban area is poor, and the tested signal strength is less than -95
dBm.
[Cause Analysis]
>The road section is about 3 km far from the urban area, and the terrain is
smooth.
>According to the theoretical analysis, the signal strength shall be about -80
dBm, a great difference from the tested strength.
>Perform frequency sweep test in the road section and find the signal
strength of frequency 12 is about -95 dBm and that of frequency 15 is -80
dBm. Three cells of BTS A and BTS B in the urban area cover the road
section (BCCH frequencies 12 and 15), and one sector of BTS C in the
suburban area covers the road section (BCCH frequency 9).
>The information of BA2 table is as follows:
Frequency 15 does not exist in the neighbor configuration of the cell A-3. In
the urban area, the MS camps on the cell A-3. A neighbor cell is not
configured for the cell A-3; so the MS still camps on the cell A-3 when
reaching the road section and cannot be handed over to the neighbor cell
(namely, cell B-3).
[Handling Procedure]
>Notify the personnel at the OMC equipment room to configure the
neighborhood between cell A-3 and cell B-3.
>Retest the road section and find the problem is solved.
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Chapter
RF
problem
analysis
4.1
Coverage
problem
analysis
4.2
Quality
problem
analysis
4.3
Handover
problem
analysis
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Analysis of Quality Problems

The quality of a GSM network depends on the coverage, capacity, and
interference.
In GSM network, C/I should be greater than 9 dB and C/A should be greater than
-9 dB. In practice, a margin of 3 dB is required, that is, C/I should be greater than
12 dB and C/A should be greater than -6 dB.
>When the coverage is poor (for example, the level is less than -90 dBm),
low carrier signals cannot meet the conditions (C/I is greater than 12 dB and
C/A is greater than -6 dB). Accordingly, the bit error rate (BER) rises and the
RxQual drops.
>When the coverage is good (for example, the level is greater than -80
dBm), intra-network or inter-network interference causes a rise of the
interference, which cannot meet the conditions (C/I is greater than 12 dB and
C/A is greater than -6 dB). Accordingly, the bit error rate (BER) rises and the
RxQual
BER
< 0.2%
0.2 ~ 0.4%
0.4 ~ 0.8%
0.8 ~ 1.6%
1.6 ~ 3.2%
3.2 ~ 6.4%
6.4 ~ 12.8%
> 12.8%
RxQual drops.
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Interference Categorization
Interference problems are categorized into two types:

uplink interference and downlink interference.
The interference problems are categorized as follows:
Interference caused by hardware
Intra-network interference
Inter-network interference
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Interference Categorization
Downlink Interference
DT is a common approach to finding downlink interference. In the

dedicated mode, the test device can measure the signal level,
receive quality, power control level, and TA of a serving cell and
neighbor cells.
Judge downlink interference by the tasks of TCHF Receive Level

Measurement per TRX and TCHH Receive Level Measurement
per TRX in the traffic statistics.
Uplink Interference
It is difficult to find uplink interference in the DT. If the transmit power of
an MS keeps a maximum value, and handover or call drop occurs,
this case is likely caused by uplink interference.
Observe the uplink interference band on the O&M console or by the task
Interference Band Measurement per TRX in the traffic statistics
to fast locate the TRXs and cells where uplink interference occurs.
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The improper planning of
engineering
generally
parameters
involves
the
following aspects:
Improper
remove
interference
caused
by
planning
of
improper
engineering
parameters,
Frequency
Planning
To
the
following methods:
Tight Frequency Reuse
use
Optimizing
Frequency
Planning
Improper Cell Layout
Tuning Antenna
Overhigh BTS Location or
Adding Dominant Coverage
Antenna Height
Enabling Functions
Improper Azimuth Angle

Improper Downtilt Angle
Effect
of
Ambient
Environment
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Cases of Interference Problems

Serious Call Drop Caused by Neighbor Interference
[Description]
During the test, the poor receiving quality on the road section between
BTSs A and B leads to a call drop. The Figure below locates the frequencies
of surrounding BTSs and the call drop. The first frequency of each cell is
the BCCH frequency, and the second is the TCH frequency.
112, 109
102, 120
D
100, 122
107, 115
124, 96
114, 106
104, 111
B
98, 118
110
Call
drop
108, 116
113
101
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Cases of Interference Problems

Serious Call Drop Caused by Neighbor Interference
[Cause Analysis]
1
According to the analysis of DT data, the MS occupies frequency 111 of cell A-3
before the call drop, and the signal quality is poor. The list of neighbor cells shows that
the BCCH 112 in a neighbor cell has powerful signals of -73 dBm.
2 From the topology diagram, sector D-3 does not cover the call drop location, and
should not have such a high receive level. Antenna feeder problems, such as wrong
connection of antenna feeders, may exist in sector D-3.
3
The practical check result at BTS D shows that antenna feeders are not wrongly
connected. The antenna of sector D-3 is installed on the roof platform, and a glass
house is located at a place 8 m far away from the antenna and 4 m lower than the
antenna. The signal strength is about -25 dBm near the antenna, but -14 dBm near
the glass. The reason is that the signal superposition caused by total reflection of
glass leads to a reflection of secondary wave source to the call drop location.
4
It is recommended to change the antenna location. If emergently, modify the
frequencies. Exchange frequency 111 with frequency 114 of BTS A; enlarge the
downtilt angle of the antenna in cell A-3. Tune the azimuth angle of cell C1 (frequency
113) as required to avoid interference with frequency 114.
[Handling Procedure]
The test result is normal after troubleshooting. Frequency 113 of BTS C does not
interfere with frequency 114. The call drop phenomenon disappears.
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Chapter
RF
problem
analysis
4.1
Coverage
problem
analysis
4.2 Quality problem analysis
4.3
Handover
problem
analysis
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60
Analysis of Handover Problems

During RF optimization, the BSC delivers the Handover CMD
message to the MS, and the MS accesses the target channel

based on the channel description. Therefore, radio handover is
generally the handover problem concerned by RF optimization
through the DT software.
RF optimization controls the size and location of the handover
region. This helps reduce call drops caused by emergent signal

change and improve the handover success rate. Pay attention
to two handover problems in analyzing the DT result. One is
handover
failure
event,
and
the
other
is
unreasonable
handover (it may be successful, but not in normal status). The

unreasonable handover includes handover delay, ping pong
handover, and non logical handover.
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Analysis of Handover Problems

Categorization
Handover Delay
Handover Failure
Ping Pong Handover
Non Logical Handover
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Handover Failure
Cause Analysis
Take both of the DT and traffic statistics measures to
analyze the
cause of each radio handover failure event :
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Handover Delay
Analyze
the
cause of handover
delay from the
following aspects:
Check neighbors of the serving cell for their completeness and
reasonability, and solve the problem of handover failure caused by
missing configuration of neighbors.
Check the handover threshold and hysteresis parameters of the
source cell and target cell during the handover, such as inter-cell
handover hysteresis, PGBT handover threshold, bad quality handover
threshold, and level and quality threshold for interference handover.
Solve the problem of delay handover caused by improper threshold
or hysteresis.
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Ping Pong Handover

Analyze the process of frequent handovers between cells to find
out the root cause of ping pong handover. Check the problems
from two aspects:
Check for consistency between actual downlink coverage and
planed downlink coverage. If the first target cell is far away from
the source cell and the handover is returned to the original
channel due to unstable levels, firstly solve the cross-area
coverage problem of the target cell. If the source cell and the
target cell have too many coverage overlapping areas and the
radio signal strength is in fluctuation, frequent handovers may
also occur.
Contrary to handover delay, check whether the setting of oversmall handover threshold and hysteresis parameters causes
frequent handovers. If it is, increase the handover threshold
appropriately.
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Non Logical Handover

The root cause of non logical handover lies that the
BSC uses the handover algorithm and delivers an

improper handover target to the MS based on the
measurement report of the MS. To solve this problem,
check
the
configuration
of
handover
parameters
through the handover algorithm process. It is generally

beyond the analysis scope of RF problems.
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Optimization of Neighbor Relations

Seen from the previous analysis, DT analysis is to optimize the radio
handover success rate. Besides incorrect planning and configuration

of neighbor relations, the fundamental problems cover RF coverage
and interference. This section describes the principles and methods
of optimizing neighbor relations.
Neighbor optimization covers adding neighbor cells and deleting
neighbor cells. In case of missing configuration of neighbor cells, a

cell having powerful signals cannot be measured by the MS. This
leads to over-low level, increased interference or even call drop. In
this case, you need to add appropriate neighbor cells. In case of
redundancy of neighbor cells, enormous messages of neighbor cells
bring about unnecessary signaling overhead, and needed neighbor
cells cannot be added in full configuration of neighbor cells. In this
case, you need to delete redundant neighbor cells.
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Principles of Neighbor Planning

Refer to the following principles in GSM neighbor planning:
In general, configure all cells in a site to mutually bi-directional neighbors, and
adjacent cells in geography to neighbors.
In some special cases, configure the cells to unidirectional neighbors.
Up to 64 neighbor cells and 32 frequencies can be configured. Therefore, only
configure the cells that are really adjacent to neighbors. Adding too many
neighbors may cause prolonged MS measurement period and delayed
handover behaviors, thus leading to call drops.
For a dense urban area or common urban area, add level 2 neighbors directly
opposite to a cell, and level 1 neighbors at the rear.
For a suburb or county, because of a large space between BTSs, be sure to
configure the cells that are adjacent in geography to neighbors, and add level
2 or more neighbors directly opposite to a cell.
Avoid such a case that a cell has two or more neighbors having the same
BCCH and BSIC, because it may cause handover problems.
Neighbor Planning optimization method
Manual Optimization of Neighbors

Automatic Optimization of Neighbors
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optimize signal coverage, network

through tuning antenna.

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After the course ,you will know

RF optimization location on the

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Chapter1 Overview of RF optimization

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Position of RF optimization in network

In the initial tuning phase of network construction, RF

optimization plays a leading role. Such optimization focuses on

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Strategy for RF Optimization

the RF optimization. Generally, the RF optimization

Strategy for RFFine cluster

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Procedure for RF optimization

Satisfied all KPIs

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Preparations Identify target KPI

requirements, index definitions, and concerns; so the objective of the RF

95% of Rx_Level in all the

This is one of the most important KPIs in the DT.

95% of Rx_Quality in all the

This is one of the most important KPIs in the DT.

Call setup success

This is one of the KPIs to evaluate the DT Event.

Call drop rate

This is one of the KPIs to evaluate the DT Event.

This is one of the KPIs to evaluate the DT Event.

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Preparations Divide cluster (1)

clusters shall be divided based on the following principles:

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Preparations Divide cluster (2)

5. Division of administrative regions: If a coverage area to be

Preparations Determine test route

the DT, you first need to

confirm the DT route of KPIs with the

predefined DT route, the DT route of

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Preparations Tools and

Before the RF optimization, you need to prepare for necessary

1 Preparations for Software

Collect the DT data.

Other software such as TEMS and

Analyze the DT data on

Other background software such as

Forecast the tuning

Display the map and

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Preparations Tools and

Compliant with test

At least two test terminals are

Used for installation of

GPS, data cable,

DC to AC, over 300 W.

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