Biofuel Technology Development and Utilization in

Indonesia
Workshop on Promotion and Standardization of Biofuel
Hotel Aryaduta,
29 October 2014
Arie Rahmadi
Balai Rekayasa Desain dan Sistem Teknologi (BRDST)
Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT)
Kawasan PUSPIPTEK, Building 480
Serpong, Tangerang 15314
Banten, Indonesia
Telp. : 62-21-7563213/17, Fax. : 62-21-7563273
Email address: arahmadi2@yahoo.com

OUTLINE
I.
II.

Introduction
Flash Back of Indonesian Biofuel
Development
Current Development

III.

Roadmaps

Current Utilization

I.

INTRODUCTION

Role of Oil in Indonesian Economy

Oil Reserve in 2013: 3.7 Gbbl, R/P : 11.6 years (BP Statistical review 2014)

Source : http://crudeoilpeak.info/peak-oil-andfuel-subsidies-in-indonesia

Source : Graham 2014

http://www.riscoenergy.com/assets/Uploads/insights
download/Act-or-react.pdf

Emergence of Biofuel Crops in Indonesian Economy

Palm oilexport revenue (Ministry of Trade, 2014)
25
20
15
Billion USD

10
5
0

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Year

3 Million people depend on the oil palm

business (Teoh, 2010)

Share of Oil Palm plantation types

Declining after being one of the largest

producers of sugar cane in the world
Low yield per ha, aging sugar mill and
structural land ownership.
GOI proposed a fund sugar revitalization
program:
Modernise existing sugar mill
Opening plantation in the outer Java islands

Share of sugar cane plantation types

PERATURAN PRESIDEN
VISION 25/25
5/2006
Bioenergi 5%
Bioenergi 8,9%

BAU
EBT; 3%

Gas; 21%
Minyak Bumi; 42%

EBT; 17%
Minyak Bumi; 20%

Gas; 30%

Batubara; 35%

25%

20%

Batubara; 33%

23%

32%

3298
Juta
SBM

EBT
Batubar
a
Gas

Minyak
Bumi

1649
Juta
SBM

5,0 %
24
%
24,
%
47,
%

20
Catatan:10
1 TOE = 7,33 SBM

20
15

20
20

3,1
%
34.
6%

17%

33%

2
5N
%R
E32
%
Coal

30%

20%

20,6%

2
0
Gas
%
2
3Oil
%

41.
7%

2785
Juta SBM

20

Diversify Energy

1081 Juta
SBM

2419
Juta
SBM

3200
Juta SBM

Energy
Conservation
(15.6%)

Energy Policy Trajectory

Why does Indonesian need biofuel

It is commercially viable and strategic final energy
form :
Easily stored
Portable.
Relatively comparable energy density with fossil
fuel.
Easily combusted.
It is important for transportation sector.
Being Strategic as:
Abundant raw materials
Help to secure our energy
Create new employment opportunities
Poverty alleviation
Economic growth
Reducing GHG emission if carried out in

Biofuel value chain

Indonesian Biofuel Products

BIOFUEL

Bioethanol

Gasoline

Kerosene

Bio-oil/Pure Plantation Oil

Fuel Oil

Biodiesel

Diesel Fuel

Bioavtur

Avtur

Fatty acid composition of various Vegetable oils (%-w)

Coconut

Palm
kernel

Caproic

01

trace

Caprylic C8:0

5 10

36

Capric C10:0

5 10

35

Lauric C12:0

43 53

40 52

trace

Miristic C14:0

15 21

14 18

Palmitic (C16:0)

7 11

Stearic (C18:0)

24

Fatty acid

Arachidic C20:0

trace

Behenic C22:0
Oleic (C18:1)

Pongam

Jatropha
curcas

Kapok

Canola

02

02

0 0,5

0 0,25

trace

trace

6 10

30 48

38

12 17

20 24

36

7 12

14

36

29

57

25

1 2,5

26

0 0,3

01

25

0 0,3

01

03

trace

trace

52 66

20 30

1,5 5

01

17 25

48 58

Palm

45

trace
68

9 16

38 44

44 72

0 0,5
37 63

21 22

0 12

Gadoleic

10 15

Malva-/sterculic
Linoleic (C18:2)

01

Soy bean

13

13

Linolenic
C18:3
I.V.
Iodine
Value; S.V. Saponification Value

9 12

9 18
05

19 40

33 58
0 0,5

(Soerawijaya
6 11
2006)

8 11

BIODIESEL
Biodiesel = diesel fuel which contents of methyl/ethyl esters
from fatty acids
Common reaction :
Glycerides/
+
Fatty Acids

Palm Oil
Coconut Oil
Palm Kernel Oil
Animal fat
Jatropha Oil
Moringa/Kelor Seed Oil
Etc.

Methanol/
Ethanol

Methyl/Ethyl Ester
+ Glycerol
of Fatty Acids
25 80 C
(Biodiesel)
catalyst

Biodiesel product depend on raw material and process quality

Depend on the fatty acid composition of raw material: Cetane

number, iodine number, cloud point
depend on the processing quality level: Kinematic viscosity, Flash
point , Acid number, Ester content, Free glycerol, Total glycerol,
Phosphorous content, Sulfur content, Ash content (sulfated ash),
and Water and sediment
End product should met the latest Indonesian standard

II. Flash Back Biofuel Development

in Indonesia

Early Development in the 80s and 90s

The first Bioethanol research centre by BPPT in Lampung
Converting cassava starch to ethanol
Several sporadic road test using gasoline ethanol blending in
motorcycles conducted by several universities
Biodiesel test by Lemigas in 96. Lemigas, in cooperation with
Pertamina blended with automotive diesel oil (ADO) at a ratio
of 30:70 for commercial diesel engine vehicle. Negative
results but better emmission

Ministry of MEMR
Pertamina EKUIN LIPI
ITB Ministry of Industry
Unibraw
PLN
BPPT
Lemigas

Development in the early 2000

A national forum for biodiesel called Forum Biodiesel Indonesia (FBI) was
established in 2000
Lemigas : fuel test, establishment of biofuel standard and small scale proptotype
BPPT
Engineering Center -focused its work on the process technology and
engineering of biodiesel production. Using CPO, PFAD and other raw
materials
B2TP BPPT continued on ethanol research
BTMP BPPT focusing its work on diesel/gasoline engine bench and nonstationary operation tests forperformance and emissions of biodiesel.
ITB :on macroeconomic studies of biodiesel, developing technology for Jathropa
oil extraction and its conversion to methyl ester. Th institute is also focusing on
standardization of fuels and on diesel engine test series.
Department of Agriculture has also worked on biodiesel for several years. Its BBMektan and PPKS Medan has also tested the performance of various blending of
biodiesel and ADO on the 5.5 KW stationary diesel engine.
Several START UP COMPANIES : PT. EAI and followed by the formation of
APROBI

Development in the late 2000

A more formalised technological development aimed to introduce biofuel in the market

Drivers: Pertamina and PLN as well as APROBI
It was achieved through blending with corresponding fossil fuels

It could be nationally programmed

Compromise blending mixture with all stake holders
Relatively low resistance from customer while biofuel market penetration could be achieved

What the stake holders wants

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Quality has to be better than fossil fuels

Price should be competitive
Sustainable supply,
Availability of Supply
Transparent in Price mechanism
The use of biofuel tdoes not cause radical change to the technical work that has been
traditionally carried out.
Utilizing Carbon Credit

III. Strategy for the Biofuel

Development

PROPOSED Partnership for Bioethanol and Biodiesel

Development
Government Policy and
R&D
(ESDM, BPPT, Agriculture
Dept, Trade etc)

Biofuel
Development

Academician

Bussiness

Local and
International
University

(Indonesian Car
Manufacturers, Engine
users,
CPO Plantation,
17
Petroleum Distribution )

General Guidelines in selecting biofuel technology

development and utilization

Identification of appropriate technology (cost, human resources)

The selected technology will be further developed and small scale prototypes will be
built. Further process design, tests on commercialization and utilization will also be
pursued
The unselected technologies will be closely watched and regularly reviewed to update
our knowledge and prepare our human resources for adapting, acquisition, maintain and
improve those technologies. Basic research on those technologies may still carried out
but massive disseminations and utilization would not be launched until it can prove their
reliabilities. Examples: Fast pyrolysis of biomass.

Biodiesel :
Gen-1 = Esters from alcoholisys vegetable oils
Gen-2 = Biohydrocarbon from lignocellulose via gasification and FT synthesis.
Bioetanol :
Gen-1 : Fermentation of starch and sugar material and purification
Gen-2 : Conversion of ligno cellulose materials to alcohols via pretreatment,
saccharification, fermentation and purification.
Cracking and followed with Hydrogenation of vegetable oils for bioavtur
production and green diesel products

Biodiesel Technology Roadmap

Year

2006-2010

2011-2015

Biodiesel Supply
1.5 Million kL
10% of ADO

Market

2016-2025
Biodiesel Supply
6.4 Million kL
20% of ADO (5% of Diesel
Oil)

Biodiesel Supply
3 Million kL 15% of
ADO
NATIONAL BIODIESEL STANDARD

Product

Technology
Research
And
Development

Palm/Jatropha
Biodiesel

Commercial Plant
(5000 20.000
Tons/Year)

Source : Gugus Tugas Energi

Commercial Plant of
High Quality
Biodiesel

Commercial Plant
(20.000 100.000 Tons/year)

Design &
Engineering
Plant

Biodiesel
Process
Intensification

Blending
Technology

High Quality Biodiesel

High Cetane Number
Low Cloud Point

Biodiesel
Low Production Cost

Updating of
Standard &
Performance
Test

Performance
test

Fuel Additive
Technology

Optimization
&
Modification
of Plant
Design

19

Notes on Biodiesel Road map

Time Line
Market
Supporting
regulation
Standar
Target
technology
dev.
Priority of raw

SHORT TERM
2012-2014
Biodiesel Supply 3 Million
kL (15% ADO)

MEDIUM TERM
2015-2019
Biodiesel Supply 4.5 Million kL
(17.5% ADO)

Updating pricing formulae

Updating pricing formulae

Updating SNI Biodiesel

Quick test SNI biodiesel
Commercial plant 20,000
s/d 100,000 ton/year
Bioavtur

Palm oil

material

TECH.
Evaluation

Plant design
Technical assessment of
SNI Biodiesel: biodiesel
stability, component Na, K,
Ca, Mg, Va
Technical evaluation on the
engine performance
Assessment of non edible
oil

Updating SNI Biodiesel

Sustainability label for biodiesel
Low cost biodiesel
Non edible raw material (micro
algae etc)
High quality of biodiesel
Sustaonability labelling
Palm oil
Non edible oil: jarak pagar,
pongam micro algae

Optimization and modification of

biodiesel plant
Continuing Assessment of non
edible oil
Additive for biodiesel
Sustainability labelling for export

LONG TERM
2020-2025
Biodiesel Supply
6.4Million kL (5%
konsumsi Solar)
Updating pricing formulae
Updating SNI Biodiesel
Biodiesel gen-2

Palm oil
Non edible oil: jarak
pagar, pongam
Biomassa lignoscelulose
micro algae
Assessment Gen-2,
gasification and FT of
ligno cellulose.

Road map Bioetanol

Year
Market

Product

2005 2010

2011-2015

2% Gasoline consumption
replaced by bioethanol
(Jakarta and major cities)

3% of Gasoline consumption
replaced by bioethanol
(Jakarta and major cities)

Gasohol E-10 (molases & starch as raw

material of bioethanol)

5% of Gasoline consumption
replaced by bioethanol (Jakarta
and major cities)

Gasohol (lignocellulose, starch &

sugar juice as raw material)

INDONESIAN STANDARD FOR GASOHOL

Technology
Chemical dehydration and molecular
sieving for producing anhydrous ethanol
60KL/day; molasses & starch as raw
material

R&D

Gasohol (Starch & sugar juice as raw

material of bioethanol)

2016-2025

Dehydration
of bioethanol
by zeolit 3A

Exploration of
Carbohydrate
resources as raw
material

Enhance production rate & energy ratio for

producing bioethanol 99,5% from starch &
sugars juice in the commercial plant,
capacity of 60 to 120 KL/day

Zeolit
membrane for
dehydration
process

Improvement
of Yeast
strain

Developing of
Fermentation
Process

Ligno-cellulose use for commercial

plant, capacity of 10 KL/day

Developing process
for cellulotic as raw
material & fuel

Source: ESDM, 2005

Notes on Bioethanol
Time Line
Market
Supporting
regulation
Standard
Target
technology
dev.
Priority of raw
material
TECH.
Evaluation

SHORT TERM
2012-2014
Biodiesel Supply 1.85
Million kL (15% ADO)

MEDIUM TERM
2015-2019
Biodiesel Supply 3.06 Million kL
(17.5% ADO)

Updating pricing
formulae

Updating pricing formulae

Updating SNI Bioethanol

Quick test SNI biodiesel

Updating SNI Bioethanol

Sustainability label for
bioethanol
Bioethanol production 99.5%
(FGE) with starch and molasses
commercially
Sustainability criteria for
ethanol
Starch
Sugar palm juice

Bioethanol production
99.5% (FGE) with starch
and molasses
commercially
Starch
Molasses
Plant design
Technical assessment SNI
bioethanol
Technical evaluation of
the machine
performance using
blended ethanol.

LONG TERM
2020-2025
Biodiesel Supply 4.99
Million kL (5% konsumsi
Solar)
Updating pricing
formulae
Updating SNI
Bioethanol
(Produksi bioetanol
99.5% (FGE) dari serat
lignoselulosa
Agricultural waste

Starch
Molasses
lignoselulosa
Algae
Optimization
and
modification
of

Technological
the plant
assessment of
bioethanol gen-2 using
Sustainabuility criteria for
bioethanol export
lignocellulose via
pretreatment,
saccharifaction,
lignoselulosa via
pretreatment,
saccharification,
distillation,.

Utilization of BIODIESEL (source: ESDM)

*) 2014 first semester

Production
Production
Biodiesel
Biodiesel capacity:
capacity: 4.5
4.5 million
million
kL/year
kL/year
Bioethanol
Bioethanol capacity
capacity (fuel
(fuel grade):
grade): 167
167
thousand
thousand KL/year
KL/year

DISTRIBUSI
DISTRIBUSI and
and BLENDING
BLENDING
Biodiesel
Biodiesel implementation10%
implementation10% (B-10
(B-10 )and
)and will
will
be
increased
to
20%
(B-20)
in
2016
be increased to 20% (B-20) in 2016
ItIt will
will be
be distributed
distributed by
by Pertamina
Pertamina
Bioethanol
Bioethanol consumption
consumption is
is somewhat
somewhat stalled
stalled
due
due to
to diasgreement
diasgreement in
in the
the price
price

Road Map BioOil (Pure Plant Oil)

Notes on BioOil (Pure Plant Oil)

Time Line
Market

Supporting
regulation
Standard
Target
technology
dev.
Priority of raw

SHORT TERM
2012-2014

MEDIUM TERM
2015-2019

LONG TERM
2020-2025

Updating pricing formulae

Updating pricing formulae

Updating pricing
formulae

Updating SNI Bioethanol

Quick test SNI biodiesel

Updating SNI Bioethanol

Sustainability label for bioethanol

Updating SNI Bioethanol

Updating the design of Efficient PPO

plant
Additives formulae for PPO
Evaluating the raw material of PPO

Additives formulae for PPO

Evaluating the raw material
of PPO

Palm oil

Palm oil
Non edible oil: jarak pagar, pongam
micro algae

Plant design engineering

Conversion kit for diesel
engine
Technical assessment for PPO
mix with the low sped diesel
engine
Technical assessment for
updating the standard of Pure
plant oil.

Optimization of the pure plant oil

Advanced assessment of non edible
oil for PPO
Technical assessment of additives for
PPO

Palm oil
Non edible oil: jarak pagar,
pongam
Biomassa lignoscelulose
micro algae
Advanced assessment of
non edible oil for PPO
Technical assessment of
additives for PPO

The utilization of PPO in the

Industrial sector,
transportation for heavy
vehicles and kerosene.

Efficient PPO plant

Standardized conversion kit
for the utilization of pure
plant oil.

material
TECH.
Evaluation

The utilization of PPO in the Industrial

sector, transportation for heavy
vehicles and kerosene.

The utilization of PPO in the

Industrial sector,
transportation for heavy
vehicles and kerosene.

Thank You

SITE SPECIFIC
Big country with more than 17.000 islands
Different type of soil Special region with special plant oil, for example :
Sumatera suitable for CPO
Nusatenggara suitable for Jatropha
Maluku coconut oil
Every region need Fuels
The geography makes the fuel distribution in Indonesia is highly site
specific
Security supply for every region

Biodiesel
Menjawab permasalahan yang ada
Topik-topik kajian terkait dengan :
Bahan Baku dan Ekstraksi
Penciptaan Species CPO yang low FFA
Jarak
Pencarian Bibit Unggul utk Jarak
Teknologi perbanyakan bibit
Teknologi pengendalian Hama
Teknologi panen dan pasca
Aditif utk menghambat peningkatan kadar FFA di CJO
Teknologi Pengolahan Biodiesel
Transportasi dan Distribusi
Pengendalian Mutu

Konsep Pabrik Biodiesel Terintegrasi

BIOMASS
GASIFICATION

BIOMASS

Bio
mas
sa

BIOGAS
PLANT

APV
PROCESS

Methanol
Plant

Glycerine
Purification

BIODIESEL

OIL EXTRACTION
PLANT

OIL

BIODIESEL PLANT

RAW MATERIAL

Raw
Mat
erial

R&D

BIOMASS POWER PLANT

SOCIALIZATION

POLICY

CONSUMERS

TRADING

Catalyst Recovery

REGULATION

Topik-topik pengembangan Biodiesel

kedepan :
Kajian teknologi pemilihan dan peramuan bahan mentah
- Minyak Jarak Pagar
- Minyak Sawit, Inti Sawit dan Kelapa
- Bahan baku lain
Kajian tentang hubungan komposisi dengan mutu biodiesel
Menangkal kehadiran ester metil asam-asam lemak yang tak
dikendaki
Mengantisipasi keberlimpahan gliserin
Mengembangkan aditif-aditif peningkat mutu biodiesel
Penelitian tentang penanganan limbah
Optimasi teknologi proses pengolahan
Konsep pabrik biodiesel terintegrasi

RIPTEK BioEtanol 2005-2009

Bahan Baku dan Ekstraksi
Pencarian Bibit Unggul utk tebu dan singkong
Teknologi panen dan pasca

Teknologi Pengolahan Bioetanol

Pemurnian bioetanol menjadi fuel grade
Extractive Distillation
Dehydrasi dengan kapur tohor, zeolite sintetis (molecular sieve)
Membrane

Transportasi dan Distribusi

Nitrogen Blanketing
Pemenuhan kandungan lokal semaksimal mungkin

Pengendalian Mutu
Penerapan iso pada small bioetanol producer

RIPTEK PPO 2005-2009

Pengolahan PPO Skala kecil

Mengurangi
penggunaan NaOH
dengan dry process
yang menggunakan
steam
Memastikan standar
PPO yang ditentukan
PLN sebagai calon
pengguna terbesar
Transportasi/Distribusi dan
Pengendalian Mutu:
Program RIPTEK nya sama
dengan Biodiesel

Minyak Lemak Kasar

Pure Plant Oil

Fatty Acid
Distillate

Stea
m

Bleaching

Degumming

Deodorizer

Bleaching
Earth

FILTERING

Spent
Bleaching
earth

RIPTEK PPO 2005-2009

Uji coba terhadap
engine
Derating engine test
Durability test
Road test

Riset pada converter

Advokasi
mendapatkan SNI

Studi Khusus RIPTEK Bio-Oil

Definisi Bio-oil: Minyak nabati yang berasal dari Pyrolisa cepat
biomasa

Keunggulan Bio-oil
Memiliki nilai perolehan yang tinggi
Bio-Oil lebih mudah untuk ditransportasikan karena berbentuk
cairan serta memiliki kerapatan energi volume adalah Bio-oil 2030 GJ/m3 sementara biomassa memiliki kerapatan energi volume 4
GJ/m3.
Bio-Oil jauh lebih bersih daripada bahan bakar konvensional
(BBM)
Bio-oil bersifat ramah lingkungan, tingkat emisi SOx,NOx, dan
kandungan sulfur sangat rendah,
kandungan abu tidak
membahayakan lingkungan, dan dapat diperbaharui (renewable).
Biaya produksi Bio-oil relatif lebih rendah karena kondisi operasi
yang relatif mild (1 atm, 500oC).
Untuk sementara bahan baku pembuatan Bio-oil adalah biomassa
yang harganya relatif rendah

Rotating Cone

34

Studi Khusus RIPTEK Bio-Oil

Masalah bahan baku : relatif tidak bernasalah karena berasal dari limbah
biomasa
Masalah teknologi Pengolahan:

suatu proses dimana bahan organik (biomassa) dipanaskan secara cepat pada
suhu 450 600oC tanpa keberadaan oksigen. Pemanasan biomassa dalam waktu
singkat mencegah terjadinya reaksi pembentukan arang.

Reactor:

Fokus perhatian adalah pada proses dekomposisi tar kedua setelah keluar dari
partikel biomassa
reaksi perengkahan tahap kedua (temperatur 500-800 oC), reaksi perengkahan telah
selesai dalam selang waktu 0,2 0,7 detik.
Waktu tinggal tar dalam reaktor harus seminimal mungkin
kunci utama dalam merancang reaktor pirolisis yang mampu menghasilkan bio-oil
antara 65-70% dari berat biomassa

Wood
Heat

Charcoal (15%) +
Oxygenated Liquid (70%)
+ Combustible Gas (15%)

35

Perbandingan Berbagai Teknologi Proses Pirolisis

Rotating Cone (BTG)

Cyclone Reactor (ITB-BPPT

Studi Khusus RIPTEK Bio-Oil

Riset dasar:
Karakterisasi Bio-Oil dari berbagai jenis Biomasa. Contoh
Tandan kosong kelapa sawit, saw mill waste
Pembuatan prototype dan dilanjutkan dengan pilot plant
Riset produk turunan Bio-Oil menjadi Fine Chemical dan
bahan Bakar, karena bio-oil yang terdiri dari aldehid, Keton,
Acid, ester, alkohol dan Sugar,

Kajian alur reaksi mensintesa produk bio-oil.

Penggunaan bio-oil untuk pengganti Kerosene pada
kompor rumah tangga juga jadi salah satu topik
pengembangan
Future use sebagai BBM melalui Proses Fischer
Tropsh secara ekonomis menarik untuk
dikembangkan.

Apa Yang diinginkan oleh Industri?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Kualitas yang sesuai atau lebih baik dari standar teknis Solar
Harga Jual yang sama atau lebih kompetitif dari pada Solar
dalam jangka pendek, menengah dan panjang
Kesinambungan pasokan, program peningkatan pasokan
dan konversi yang terencana dan terukur
Kemudahan mendapatkan pasokan
Keterbukaan Informasi dan Mekanisme harga yang
transparan dengan memasukkan faktor dominan unsur
Biodiesel (harga minyak mentah, BBM, dan CPO)
Penggunaan Biodiesel tidak membuat perubahan radikal
terhadap pekerjaan teknis yang selama ini dilakukan
Pemanfaatan program Carbon Credit bagi industri terkait.

Source: Kadin

State of the Art of Biodiesel Production

Acid Catalyst
(Esterification)

Catalytic

Alkaline Catalyst
(Transesterification)

Low Pressure
Low Temperature

Biocatalyst

Non-Catalytic

Low Pressure, High Temperature

(Bubble Column Reactor)

High Pressure, High Temperature

(Supercritical methanol)

Technology and Plant Capacity Selection,

depend on:
Plant location
Availability and characteristic of raw
material
Local fuel demand
Human resources level
Local content
Local industries capability

BIODIESEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY IN INDONESIA :

CATALYTIC PROCESS (Low Pressure, Low Temperature) using
Alkaline and Acid Catalyst
Basic Consideration :
Various grade of oil as the raw materials (batch process)
Plant location distribution
Availability raw material and fuel demand ---- site specific
Easier to be handled by operator on minimum requirement
skill
Can be constructed in small up to medium capacity (< 15
ton/day)
High domestic local content