4745889

Chapter 10:
Muscular Tissue
Copyright 2009, John Wiley &

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Muscular Tissue
Chapter 10
Overview of Muscular Tissue

Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Muscle Metabolism
Control of Muscle Tension
Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
Development of Muscle
Aging and Muscular Tissue
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Types of Muscular Tissue
The three types of muscular tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
(see video)
So named because most skeletal muscles move bones

Skeletal muscle tissue is striated:
Skeletal muscle tissue works mainly in a voluntary manner
Alternating light and dark bands (striations) as seen when examined

with a microscope
Its activity can be consciously controlled
Most skeletal muscles also are controlled subconsciously to

some extent
Ex: the diaphragm alternately contracts and relaxes without

conscious control
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Found only in the walls of the heart

Striated like skeletal muscle
Action is involuntary
Contraction and relaxation of the heart is not consciously

controlled
Contraction of the heart is initiated by a node of tissue called
the pacemaker
Located in the walls of hollow internal structures
Blood vessels, airways, and many organs
Lacks the striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle

tissue
Usually involuntary
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Three Types of Muscular Tissue
skeleto
n
heart
move
bones
pump
blood
multinucleated
& striated
voluntar
y
one
nucleus,
involuntar
striated, &
y
intercalated
discs
various
various
organs, function one nucleus
involuntar
s,
exampl
& no
y
example
e: GI
striations
:
tract
Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Overvie
w of
Muscula
r Tissue

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nucleus
TYPE: Skeletal muscle

DESCRIPTION: Bundles of
cylindrical, long, striated contractile
cells; many
mitochondria; often reflex-activated
but can be consciously controlled
LOCATIONS: Partner of skeletal
bones, against which it exerts great
force
FUNCTION: Locomotion, posture;
head, limb movements
Fig. 28-8a, p.474
junction between abutting cells
TYPE: Cardiac muscle

DESCRIPTION: Unevenly striated,
fused-together cylindrical cells that
contract as a unit owing to signals
at gap junctions between them
LOCATIONS: Heart wall
FUNCTION: Pump blood forcefully
through circulatory system
Fig. 28-8b, p.474
Principal tissue in the heart wall
Intercalated discs connect the ends of cardiac muscle fibers to

one another
Cardiac muscle tissue contracts when stimulated by its own

autorhythmic muscle fibers
Gap junctions allow muscle action potentials to spread from one

cardiac muscle fiber to another
Continuous, rhythmic activity is a major physiological difference

between cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue
Contractions lasts longer than a skeletal muscle twitch

Have the same arrangement of actin and myosin as skeletal
muscle fibers
Mitochondria are large and numerous
Depends on aerobic respiration to generate ATP
Requires a constant supply of oxygen

Able to use lactic acid produced by skeletal muscle fibers to make
ATP
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Functions of Muscular Tissue

Producing Body Movements
Walking and running
Stabilizing Body Positions
Posture
Moving Substances Within the Body
Heart muscle pumping blood
Moving substances in the digestive tract
Generating heat
Contracting muscle produces heat
Shivering increases heat production
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Properties of Muscular Tissue
Properties that enable muscle to

function and contribute to homeostasis
Excitability
Contractility
Ability to contract forcefully when stimulated
Extensibility
Ability to respond to stimuli
Ability to stretch without being damaged
Elasticity
Ability to return to an original length

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Connective Tissue Components

Fascia
Epimysium
Separates individual muscle fibers from one another
Tendon
Surrounds numerous bundles of fascicles

Separates 10-100 muscle fibers into bundles called fascicles
Endomysium
The outermost layer
Perimysium
Dense sheet or broad band of irregular connective tissue that

surrounds muscles
Cord that attach a muscle to a bone
Aponeurosis
Broad, flattened tendon

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Skeletal
Muscle
Tissue

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Sarcomere
Nerve and Blood Supply

Neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle
to contract are somatic motor neurons
The axon of a somatic motor neuron
typically branches many times
Each branch extending to a different

skeletal muscle fiber
Each muscle fiber is in close contact

with one or more capillaries

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Microscopic Anatomy
The number of skeletal muscle fibers is

set before you are born
Most of these cells last a lifetime
Muscle growth occurs by hypertrophy
An enlargement of existing muscle fibers
Testosterone and human growth

hormone stimulate hypertrophy
Satellite cells retain the capacity to
regenerate damaged muscle fibers

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Muscular System Structure Key Terms

sarcolemma
cell
sheath surrounding muscle
sarcoplasm
muscle cell
intercellular material of a
sarcomere
functioning unit of the muscle
Copyright 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Muscle Fiber
Individual muscle fiber has many parts
Sarcolemma = outer cell membrane
Sarcoplasm = cytosol within a muscle fiber
Myofibrils = contractile fibers (thread-like) within
muscle
Contain contractile proteins that enable muscle to
contract
Sarcomeres = functional units of a myofiber that
cause muscles to shorten
Copyright 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Sarcolemma
Transverse (T tubules)
The plasma membrane of a muscle cell

Tunnel in from the plasma membrane
Muscle action-potentials travel through the T tubules
Mitochondria lie in rows throughout the cell
near the muscle proteins that use ATP during
contraction
Sarcoplasm, the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Sarcoplasm includes glycogen used for synthesis of

ATP and a red-colored protein called myoglobin which
binds oxygen molecules
Myoglobin releases oxygen when it is needed for ATP
production
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Myofibrils
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
Membranous sacs which encircles each myofibril

Stores calcium ions (Ca++) in a relaxed muscle
Release of Ca++ triggers muscle contraction
Filaments
Thread like structures which have a contractile

function (I.e., Contractile Organelle)
Function in the contractile process

Two types of filaments (Thick and Thin)
There are two thin filaments for every thick filament
Sarcomeres
Compartments of arranged filaments

Basic functional unit of a myofibril
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Skeletal Muscle
Tissue

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Z discs
A band
Lighter, contains thin filaments but no thick filaments

Z discs passes through the center of each I band
H zone
Darker middle part of the sarcomere

Thick and thin filaments overlap
I band
Separate one sarcomere from the next

Thick and thin filaments overlap one another
Center of each A band which contains thick but no thin filaments
M line
Supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments together in the H

zone
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Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal

Muscle

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Contract
ion and
Relaxati
on of
Skeletal
Muscle

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Muscle Proteins
Contractile
Regulatory
Structural
Myosin
Troponin
Titin
Actin
Tropomyosin
Nebulin
Alpha-actin
Myomesin
Dystrophin
Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Muscle Proteins
Myofibrils are built from three kinds of

proteins
1) Contractile proteins
2) Regulatory proteins
Generate force during contraction

Switch the contraction process on and off
3) Structural proteins
Align the thick and thin filaments properly

Provide elasticity and extensibility
Link the myofibrils to the sarcolemma
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Contractile Proteins
Myosin
Thick filaments
Functions as a motor protein which can achieve motion
Convert ATP to energy of motion
Projections of each myosin molecule protrude outward (i.e.,
myosin head)
Actin
Thin filaments
Actin molecules provide a site where a myosin head can attach
Tropomyosin and troponin are also part of the thin filament
In relaxed muscle
Myosin is blocked from binding to actin

Strands of tropomyosin cover the myosin-binding sites
Calcium ion binding to troponin moves tropomyosin away from myosinbinding sites
Allows muscle contraction to begin as myosin binds to actin
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Structural Proteins
Titin
Stabilize the position of myosin

accounts for much of the elasticity and extensibility of
myofibrils
Dystrophin
Links thin myofibrils to the sarcolemma

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Muscle
The Sliding Filament Mechanism
Myosin heads attach to and walk along

the thin filaments at both ends of a
sarcomere
Progressively pulling the thin filaments
toward the center of the sarcomere
Z discs come closer together and the
sarcomere shortens
Leading to shortening of the entire
muscle

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Muscle
Contraction
and
Relaxation of
Skeletal
Muscle

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Muscle
The Contraction Cycle
The onset of contraction begins with the SR

releasing calcium ions into the muscle cell
Where they bind to actin opening the myosin

binding sites

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Muscle
The contraction cycle consists of 4 steps
1) ATP hydrolysis (=ADP + P)
2) Formation of cross-bridges
Myosin head attaches to the myosin-binding site on actin
3) Power stroke
Hydrolysis of ATP reorients and energizes the myosin head
During the power stroke the crossbridge rotates, sliding the

filaments
4) Detachment of myosin from actin
As the next ATP binds to the myosin head, the myosin head
detaches from actin
The contraction cycle repeats as long as ATP is available
and the Ca++ level is sufficiently high
Continuing cycles applies the force that shortens the
sarcomere
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Muscle
1 Myosin heads
Key:
= Ca2+
hydrolyze ATP and

become reoriented
and energized
ADP
P
P
ATP
ATP
4 As myosin heads
bind ATP, the
crossbridges detach
from actin
Contraction cycle continues if

ATP is available and Ca2+ level in
the sarcoplasm is high
2 Myosin heads
bind to actin,
forming
crossbridges
ADP
ADP
3 Myosin crossbridges
rotate toward center of the
sarcomere (power stroke)

Muscle
ExcitationContraction Coupling
An increase in Ca++ concentration in the muscle starts

contraction
A decrease in Ca++ stops it
Action potentials causes Ca++ to be released from the
SR into the muscle cell
Ca++ bind to troponin and moves tropomyosin away
from the myosin-binding sites on actin allowing crossbridges to form
The muscle SR membrane contains Ca++ pumps to
return Ca++ back to the SR quickly
Decreasing calcium ion levels
As the Ca++ level in the cell drops, myosin-binding

sites are covered and the muscle relaxes
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Muscle

Muscle
LengthTension Relationship
The forcefulness of muscle contraction

depends on the length of the sarcomeres
When a muscle fiber is stretched there is less

overlap between the thick and thin filaments
and tension (forcefulness) is diminished
When a muscle fiber is shortened the

filaments are compressed and fewer myosin
heads make contact with thin filaments and
tension is diminished
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Contracti
on and
Relaxatio
n of
Skeletal
Muscle

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The Neuromuscular Junction
Muscle
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
Chemical released by the initial cell communicating with the second cell
Synaptic vesicles
Gap that separates the two cells
Neurotransmitter
Where communication occurs between a somatic motor neuron and a

muscle fiber
Synaptic cleft
Action potentials arise at the interface of the motor neuron and muscle
fiber
Synapse
Motor neurons have a threadlike axon that extends from the brain or
spinal cord to a group of muscle fibers
Sacs suspended within the synaptic end bulb containing molecules of the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach)
Motor end plate
The region of the muscle cell membrane opposite the synaptic end bulbs
Contain acetylcholine receptors
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Muscle
Nerve impulses elicit a muscle action potential in
the following way
1) Release of acetylcholine
2) Activation of ACh receptors
Binding of ACh to the receptor on the motor end plate opens an ion
channel
Allows flow of Na+ to the inside of the muscle cell
3) Production of muscle action potential
Nerve impulse arriving at the synaptic end bulbs causes many

synaptic vesicles to release ACh into the synaptic cleft
The inflow of Na+ makes the inside of the muscle fiber more positively
charged triggering a muscle action potential
The muscle action potential then propagates to the SR to release its
stored Ca++
4) Termination of ACh activity
ACh effects last only briefly because it is rapidly broken down by

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
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Axon collateral of
somatic motor neuron
Axon terminal
Nerve impulse
Synaptic vesicle
containing
acetylcholine
(ACh)
Synaptic
end bulb
Sarcolemma
Axon terminal
Synaptic
end bulb
Motor
end
plate
Neuromuscular
junction (NMJ)
Synaptic cleft
(space)
Sarcolemma
Myofibril
(b) Enlarged view of the
neuromuscular junction
(a) Neuromuscular junction
1 1ACh is released
from synaptic vesicle
Synaptic end bulb
Synaptic cleft
(space)
4 ACh is broken down
2
ACh
2 ACh binds to Ach
receptor
Junctional fold
Motor end plate

Na+
3 Muscle action
potential is produced
(c) Binding of acetylcholine to ACh receptors in the motor end plate
1 Nerve
Nerve impulse
arrives
impulse
at arrives at
axon terminal
of motor
axon
terminal of motor
neuron and triggers
neuron and
release
triggers release
of acetylcholine
(ACh).
(ACh).
Nerveof acetylcholine
impulse
Nerve
impulse
ACh 2
diffuses
across across
ACh diffuses
synapticsynaptic
cleft, binds
cleft, binds
to its receptors
in the in the
to its receptors
motor end
plate,
motor
endand
plate, and
triggerstriggers
a muscle
a muscle
action potential
(AP). (AP).
action potential
ACh receptor ACh receptor

3 Acetylcholinesterase
in
3 Acetylcholinesterase
in
Synaptic vesicle synaptic synaptic
cleft destroys
cleft destroys
filled with ACh
ACh so another
ACh so muscle
another muscle
action potential
does notdoes not
action potential
arise unless
ACh
is ACh is
arisemore
unless
more
releasedreleased
from motor
neuron.
from
motor neuron.
Synaptic vesicle
filled with ACh
Muscle action
Muscle action
potential potential
Transverse
Transverse
tubule tubule
4 Muscle
4 Muscle
AP travelling
AP travelling
along along
transverse
transverse
tubuletubule
opens opens
Ca2+ Ca2+
channels
releaserelease
channels
in the in the
sarcoplasmic
reticulum
sarcoplasmic
reticulum
(SR) (SR)
membrane,
membrane,
which which
allowsallows
calcium
tointo
flood
into the
calcium
ions toions
flood
the
sarcoplasm.
sarcoplasm.
Ca2+
SR
Ca2+
SR
Muscle relaxes.
Troponintropomyosin
8 Troponintropomyosin
complex slides
back slides back
complex
into position where
it
into position
where it
blocks the myosin
blocks the myosin
binding sites binding
on actin.sites on actin.
Ca2+ to
binds
to troponin
on
5 Ca52+ binds
troponin
on
the
thin filament,
exposing
the thin
filament,
exposing
the binding
sites
for myosin.
the binding
sites for
myosin.
Elevated Ca2+
Elevated Ca2+
Ca2+ active
Ca2+ active
transporttransport
pumps pumps
7 channels
Ca2+ release
in channels in
Ca2+ release
SR close and SR
Ca2+close
active
and Ca2+ active
transport pumps
use ATP
transport
pumps use ATP
to restore lowto
level
of low level of
restore
Ca2+ in sarcoplasm.
Ca2+ in sarcoplasm.
6 Contraction:
6 Contraction:
power strokes
power strokes
use
ATP; myosin
heads bind
use ATP;
myosin
heads bind
toswivel,
actin, swivel,
and release;
to actin,
and release;
thin filaments
are toward
pulled toward
thin filaments
are pulled
center
of sarcomere.
center of
sarcomere.

Muscle
Botulinum toxin
Blocks release of ACh from synaptic vesicles

May be found in improperly canned foods
A tiny amount can cause death by paralyzing respiratory

muscles
Used as a medicine (Botox)
Strabismus (crossed eyes)

Blepharospasm (uncontrollable blinking)
Spasms of the vocal cords that interfere with speech
Cosmetic treatment to relax muscles that cause facial wrinkles
Alleviate chronic back pain due to muscle spasms in the
lumbar region

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Muscle
Curare
A plant poison used by South American Indians on

arrows and blowgun darts
Causes muscle paralysis by blocking ACh receptors
inhibiting Na+ ion channels
Derivatives of curare are used during surgery to relax
skeletal muscles
Anticholinesterase
Slow actions of acetylcholinesterase and removal of

ACh
Can strengthen weak muscle contractions
Antidote for curare poisoning

Terminate the effects of curare after surgery

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Muscle Metabolism
Production of ATP in Muscle Fibers
A huge amount of ATP is needed to:
Power the contraction cycle

Pump Ca++ into the SR
The ATP inside muscle fibers will power

contraction for only a few seconds
ATP must be produced by the muscle fiber
after reserves are used up
Muscle fibers have three ways to produce ATP
1) From creatine phosphate

2) By anaerobic cellular respiration
3) By aerobic cellular respiration
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Muscle Metabolism

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Muscle Metabolism
Creatine Phosphate (15 secs)
Excess ATP is used to synthesize creatine

phosphate
Energy-rich molecule
Creatine phosphate transfers its high energy

phosphate group to ADP regenerating new
ATP
Creatine phosphate and ATP provide enough

energy for contraction for about 15 seconds
Creatine = small amino acid like
molecule
Muscle Metabolism
Anaerobic Respiration (30-40 secs)
Series of ATP producing reactions that do not require oxygen

Glucose is used to generate ATP when the supply of
creatine phosphate is depleted
Glucose is derived from the blood and from glycogen stored
in muscle fibers
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into molecules of pyruvic
acid and produces two molecules of ATP
If sufficient oxygen is present, pyruvic acid formed by
glycolysis enters aerobic respiration pathways producing a
large amount of ATP
If oxygen levels are low, anaerobic reactions convert pyruvic
acid to lactic acid which is carried away by the blood and
can be used by the heart
Anaerobic respiration can provide enough energy for about
30 to 40 seconds of muscle activity
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Muscle Metabolism
Aerobic Respiration (>10 min, 90% of ATP)
Activity that lasts longer than half a minute depends on aerobic

respiration
Pyruvic acid entering the mitochondria is completely oxidized
generating
Each molecule of glucose yields up to 36 molecules of ATP

Muscle tissue has two sources of oxygen
ATP
carbon dioxide
Water
Heat
1) Oxygen from hemoglobin in the blood

2) Oxygen released by myoglobin in the muscle cell
Myoglobin and hemoglobin are oxygen-binding proteins

Aerobic respiration supplies ATP for prolonged activity
Aerobic respiration provides more than 90% of the needed ATP in
activities lasting more than 10 minutes
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Muscle Metabolism
Muscle Fatigue
Inability of muscle to maintain force of

contraction after prolonged activity
Factors that contribute to muscle fatigue
Inadequate release of calcium ions from the SR
Depletion of creatine phosphate (ATP~)
Insufficient oxygen
Depletion of glycogen and other nutrients
Buildup of lactic acid and ADP
Failure of the motor neuron to release enough
acetylcholine
Central fatigue
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Muscle Metabolism
Oxygen Consumption After Exercise
After exercise, heavy breathing continues and

oxygen consumption remains above the
resting level
Oxygen debt (pay back AKA - Recovery
oxygen uptake)
The added oxygen that is taken into the body after

exercise
This added oxygen is used to restore muscle

cells to the resting level in three ways
1) to convert lactic acid into glycogen (liver)

2) to synthesize creatine phosphate and ATP
3) to replace the oxygen removed from myoglobin
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The tension or force of muscle cell

contraction varies
Maximum Tension (force) is dependent on
The rate at which nerve impulses arrive

The amount of stretch before contraction
The nutrient and oxygen availability
The size of the motor unit

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Motor Units
Consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates

The axon of a motor neuron branches out forming neuromuscular
junctions with different muscle fibers
A motor neuron makes contact with about 150 muscle fibers
Contract in unison
Control of precise movements consist of many small motor units
Muscles that control voice production have 2 - 3 muscle fibers per

motor unit
Muscles controlling eye movements have 10 - 20 muscle fibers per
motor unit
Muscles in the arm and the leg have 2000 - 3000 muscle fibers per
motor unit
The total strength of a contraction depends on the size of the

motor units and the number that are activated

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Twitch Contraction
The brief contraction of the muscle fibers in a

motor unit in response to an action potential
Twitches last from 20 to 200 msec L
Latent period (2 msec)
A brief delay between the stimulus and muscular

contraction
The action potential sweeps over the sarcolemma
and Ca++ is released from the SR
Contraction period (10100 msec)
Ca++ binds to troponin

Myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed
Cross-bridges form
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Relaxation period (10100 msec)
Ca++ is transported into the SR w/ ATP

Myosin-binding sites are covered by tropomyosin
Myosin heads detach from actin w/ATP present
Muscle fibers that move the eyes have contraction periods

lasting 10 msec
Muscle fibers that move the legs have contraction periods
lasting 100 msec
Refractory period
When a muscle fiber contracts, it temporarily cannot

respond to another action potential
Skeletal muscle has a refractory period of 5 milliseconds

Cardiac muscle has a refractory period of 300 milliseconds

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Stim 20-30 times/sec
Stim 80-100 times/sec

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Motor Unit Recruitment
Alternation of motor unit use by the muscle

Allows for delayed fatigue (some MUs rest
others contract)
Prevention of jerky movements
Muscle Tone
A small amount of tension in the muscle due to

weak/involuntary contractions of motor units
Small groups of motor units are alternatively
active and inactive in a constantly shifting
pattern to sustain muscle tone
Muscle tone keeps skeletal muscles firm
Keep the head from slumping forward on the
chest

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Types of Contractions
Isotonic contraction
The tension developed remains constant while the

muscle changes its length
Used for body movements and for moving objects
Picking a book up off a table
Isometric contraction
The tension generated is not enough for the object to be

moved and the muscle does not change its length
Holding a book steady using an outstretched arm
tension is generated without muscle shortening
maintaining posture & supports objects in a fixed position

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Types of Skeletal Muscle

Fibers
Muscle fibers vary in their content of

myoglobin
Red muscle fibers
Have a high myoglobin content

Appear darker (dark meat in turkey legs and thighs)
Contain more mitochondria
Supplied by more blood capillaries
White muscle fibers
Have a low content of myoglobin

Appear lighter (white meat in turkey breasts)

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Fibers
Muscle fibers contract at different speeds, and
vary in how quickly they fatigue

Muscle fibers are classified into three main types
1) Slow oxidative fibers

2) Fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers
3) Fast glycolytic fibers

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Fibers
Slow Oxidative Fibers (SO fibers)
Smallest in diameter
Least powerful type of muscle fibers
Appear dark red (more myoglobin)
Generate ATP mainly by aerobic cellular respiration
Have a slow speed of contraction
Twitch contractions last from 100 to 200 msec
Very resistant to fatigue

Capable of prolonged, sustained contractions for
many hours
Adapted for maintaining posture and for aerobic,
endurance-type activities such as running a marathon

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Fibers
Fast Glycolytic Fibers (FG fibers)
Largest in diameter
Generate the most powerful contractions
Have low myoglobin content
Relatively few blood capillaries
Few mitochondria
Appear white in color
Generate ATP mainly by glycolysis
Fibers contract strongly and quickly
Fatigue quickly
Adapted for intense anaerobic movements of short
duration
Weight lifting or throwing a ball

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Fibers
Fast OxidativeGlycolytic Fibers (FOG fibers)
Intermediate in diameter between the other two types

of fibers
Contain large amounts of myoglobin and many blood
capillaries
Have a dark red appearance
Generate considerable ATP by aerobic cellular
respiration
Moderately high resistance to fatigue
Generate some ATP by anaerobic glycolysis
Speed of contraction faster than SO
Twitch contractions last less than 100 msec
Contribute to activities such as walking and sprinting

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Types of
Skeletal
Muscle
Fibers

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Fibers
Distribution and Recruitment of

Different Types of Fibers
Most muscles are a mixture of all three types

of muscle fibers
Proportions vary, depending on the action of
the muscle, the person s training regimen,
and genetic factors
Postural muscles of the neck, back, and legs have

a high proportion of SO fibers
Muscles of the shoulders and arms have a high
proportion of FG fibers
Leg muscles have large numbers of both SO and
FOG fibers
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Exercise and Skeletal Muscle

Ratios of fast glycolytic and slow oxidative
Tissue
fibers are genetically determined
Individuals with a higher proportion of FG

fibers
Excel in intense activity (weight lifting, sprinting)
Individuals with higher percentages of SO

fibers
Excel in endurance activities (long-distance

running)

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Exercise and Skeletal Muscle

Various types of exercises can induce
Tissue
changes in muscle fibers
Aerobic exercise transforms some FG fibers

into FOG fibers
Endurance exercises do not increase muscle mass
Exercises that require short bursts of strength

produce an increase in the size of FG fibers
Muscle enlargement (hypertrophy) due to increased

synthesis of thick and thin filaments and more
myofibrils

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TYPE: Smooth muscle

DESCRIPTION: Contractile cells
tapered at both ends; not striated
LOCATIONS: Wall of arteries,
sphincters, stomach, intestines,
urinary bladder, many other soft
internal organs
FUNCTION: Controlled constriction;
motility (as in gut); arterial blood
flow
Usually activated involuntarily

Action potentials are spread through the fibers
by gap junctions
Fibers are stimulated by certain
neurotransmitter, hormone, or autorhythmic
signals
Found in the
Walls of arteries and veins

Walls of hollow organs
Walls of airways to the lungs
Muscles that attach to hair follicles
Muscles that adjust pupil diameter
Muscles that adjust focus of the lens in the eye

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Microscopic Anatomy of Smooth

Muscle
Contains both thick filaments and thin

filaments
Not arranged in orderly sarcomeres
No regular pattern of overlap thus not striated

Contain only a small amount of stored Ca++
Filaments attach to dense bodies and stretch
from one dense body to another
Dense bodies
Function in the same way as Z discs

During contraction the filaments pull on the dense bodies
causing a shortening of the muscle fiber
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Smoot
h
Muscl
e
Tissue

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Smoo
th
Muscl
e
Tissu
e

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Visceral (single-unit) SMT
Tubular arrangements in small arteries, veins,

hollow organs
Multiunit SMT
Large arteries, airways, arrector pili, iris, ciliary

process of lens in eye.

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Physiology of Smooth Muscle
Contraction lasts longer than skeletal muscle

contraction
Contractions are initiated by Ca++ flow primarily from
the interstitial fluid
Ca++ move slowly out of the muscle fiber delaying
relaxation
Able to sustain long-term muscle tone
Prolonged presence of Ca++ in the cell provides for a state of

continued partial contraction
Important in the:
Gastrointestinal tract where a steady pressure is maintained on

the contents of the tract
In the walls of blood vessels which maintain a steady pressure on
blood

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Physiology of Smooth Muscle
Most smooth muscle fibers contract or relax in

response to:
Action potentials from the autonomic nervous

system
In response to stretching
Food in digestive tract stretches intestinal walls initiating

peristalsis
Hormones
Pupil constriction due to increased light energy
Epinephrine causes relaxation of smooth muscle in the airways and in some blood vessel walls
Changes in pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels

Sons, Inc.
Regeneration of Muscular
Hyperplasia
Tissue
An increase in the number of fibers
Skeletal muscle has limited regenerative abilities
Growth of skeletal muscle after birth is due mainly to

hypertrophy
Satellite cells divide slowly and fuse with existing fibers
Cardiac muscle can undergo hypertrophy in

response to increased workload
Assist in muscle growth

Repair of damaged fibers
Many athletes have enlarged hearts
Smooth muscle in the uterus retain their capacity

for division
Sons, Inc.
Aging and Muscular Tissue
Aging
Brings a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass

A decrease in maximal strength
A slowing of muscle reflexes
A loss of flexibility
With aging, the relative number of slow

oxidative fibers appears to increase
Aerobic activities and strength training can
slow the decline in muscular performance

Sons, Inc.

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Chapter 10:

Copyright 2009, John Wiley &

Overview of Muscular Tissue

Overview of Muscular Tissue

Types of Muscular Tissue

The three types of muscular tissue

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

So named because most skeletal muscles move bones

Skeletal muscle tissue works mainly in a voluntary manner

Alternating light and dark bands (striations) as seen when examined

Most skeletal muscles also are controlled subconsciously to

Ex: the diaphragm alternately contracts and relaxes without

Overview of Muscular Tissue

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Found only in the walls of the heart

Contraction and relaxation of the heart is not consciously

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Located in the walls of hollow internal structures

Blood vessels, airways, and many organs

Lacks the striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle

Three Types of Muscular Tissue

Copyright 2009, John Wiley &

TYPE: Skeletal muscle

Fig. 28-8a, p.474

junction between abutting cells

TYPE: Cardiac muscle

Fig. 28-8b, p.474

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Principal tissue in the heart wall

Intercalated discs connect the ends of cardiac muscle fibers to

Cardiac muscle tissue contracts when stimulated by its own

Gap junctions allow muscle action potentials to spread from one

Continuous, rhythmic activity is a major physiological difference

Contractions lasts longer than a skeletal muscle twitch

Requires a constant supply of oxygen

Overview of Muscular Tissue

Functions of Muscular Tissue

Overview of Muscular Tissue

Properties of Muscular Tissue

Properties that enable muscle to

Ability to contract forcefully when stimulated

Ability to respond to stimuli

Ability to stretch without being damaged

Ability to return to an original length

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Connective Tissue Components

Separates individual muscle fibers from one another

Surrounds numerous bundles of fascicles

The outermost layer

Dense sheet or broad band of irregular connective tissue that

Cord that attach a muscle to a bone

Broad, flattened tendon

Copyright 2009, John Wiley &

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Nerve and Blood Supply

Each branch extending to a different

Each muscle fiber is in close contact

Copyright 2009, John Wiley &

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

The number of skeletal muscle fibers is

Most of these cells last a lifetime

Muscle growth occurs by hypertrophy

An enlargement of existing muscle fibers