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INTRODUCTION TO
ELECTRONICS 1
Rio Aguilar, ECE
General Information
Regarding the Field of
Electronics
PENTIUM MICROPROCESSOR
Feature
size: 45nm
Operating speed: up to 3 GHz
# of transistors: 141-230 million
http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/quickreffam.htm
I7 MICROPROCESSOR
Feature
size: 22nm
Operating speed: up to 4 GHz
# of transistors: 730 million
http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/processors/c
ore/core-i7-processor.html
CELL PHONES
Microprocessor
overall control
DSP/ADC/DAC
process audio and
baseband signals
ROM and flash memory
programs and user info
(directory,etc.)
RF (GSM, WCDMA)
Power management
Liquid crystal display
WLAN/BT
2MP camera
www.appleinsider.com/article.php?id=2365
CELL PHONES
Microprocessor
64-bit A9 chip
DSP/ADC/DAC
process audio and
baseband signals
ROM and flash memory
programs and user info
(directory,etc.)
RF (GSM,WCDMA,LTE)
Power management
Retina HD Display with 3D touch
https://www.apple.com/iphone-6s/
WLAN/BT
8MP Camera, 1.2MP front CAM
touch focus, geo-tagging, face detection, HDR panorama,
HDR photo. Touch ID
TECHNOLOGY METRICS
Density
Speed
Power consumption
Power rating
Noise
Moore's original statement that transistor counts had doubled every year can be found in his
publication "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits", Electronics Magazine 19
April 1965
www.intel.com/update/archive/issue2/pix/foc_fig3.jpg
SPEED
SEMICON IN RP
Electronics equipment production amounted to $26.64 billion
dollars in 2004 and constituted the largest export from the
Philippines accounting for almost 70 percent of all exports from
the Philippines
Design and assembly at both system
(e.g. disk drives) and component (e.g. IC) level
Semiconductor and Electronics Industries in the Phils (SEIPI)
254 member companies as of October 2013
Bulk of local semicon: package and test
Push towards more design and test capability
Greater profit margin than in packaging and manufacturing
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/Agarwalla-word.pdf
Communications
Consumer
Electronics
Medical Electronics
Aerospace Electronics
Marine Electronics
Automotive Electronics
Industrial Electronics
BRIEF HISTORY
HISTORY
An excellent multimedia tour is at:
www.pbs.org/transistor/
and
http://www.eta-i.org/History%20of
%20Electronics%20%20electricity.pdf
www.bellsystemmemorial.com/belllabs_transistor.html
VACUUM TUBES
1883:
www.electron-valve.com/history/history.html
www.cedmagic.com/history/deforest-audion.html
SEMICONDUCTORS
Early 1900s: galena
(crystalline lead sulfide)
used as radio detectors
(rectifying AC current)
Point contact rectifier:
had to probe crystal
surface w/ catwhiskers
to locate active
surfaces.
1940: Russell Ohl
discovers silicon p-n
Junction
http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1940-Discovery.html
tparca.org/bellringers/quiz/DavesXtalRadio.html
TRANSISTOR
December 1947: Shockley,
Bardeen,& Brattain invent
Transistor at Bell Labs
(won Nobel prize in 1956)
Point contact transistor
using germanium
Today, silicon transistors
more popular because of
excellent chemical
properties (easier to work
with)
http://www.porticus.org/bell/belllabs_transistor.html
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
1958: Jack Kilby (TI) and Robert
Noyce (Fairchild) invent the integrated
circuit -- squeezing several
components on a single chip
of silicon
www.icknowledge.com/history/First_IC.jpg
A simple oscillator IC with
five integrated components
Early technology difficult to
scale
1959: invention of planar IC
technology (still used today
in VLSI)
www.icknowledge.com/history/Noyce_IC.jpg
VLSI
www.nobel.se/physics/educational/poster/2000/kilby.html
ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF
MATERIALS
MATTER
-anything that has weight and occupies space
-basic building block of matter is atom
Physical States of Matter
-solid
-liquid
-gas
COMPOSITION OF MATTER
Atoms combine chemically to form molecules
All matter is composed of atoms and molecules
The smallest particle into which a compound can
be divided but retain its physical property is the
molecule
The smallest particle into which an element can
be divided but retain its physical properties is
the atom
Protons-electrically
positive in charge
Neutrons-neutral in electrical charge
CHARACTERISTICS OF 3 ATOMIC
PARTICLES
Electron
Negative
electrical charge
Has small mass or weight (9X10-28 grams)
travels in orbits outside the nucleus
Rates of speed ( trillions of orbits per second)
Protons
Has
Located
in the nucleus
Equal in number of atoms electrons
Neutrons
No
charge
Similar in mass/weight to proton
Located in the nucleus
IONIZATION
When an atoms absorb an energy from an
external source, the energies of the electrons are
raised
If valence electrons acquires a sufficient amount
of energy, it can actually escape from the outer
shell and the atoms influence.
The process of losing a valence electron is known
as ionization.
The escaped electron is called free electron.
SEMICONDUCTORS,
CONDUCTORS AND
INSULATORS
CONDUCTORS
-material that easily conducts electrical current
-best conductors are single-element materials such
as copper, silver, gold and aluminum.
-characterized by atoms with only one valence
electron very loosely bound to atom.
-conductive materials have many free electrons
INSULATORS
-
SEMICONDUCTORS
-
COMPARISON OF A
SEMICONDUCTOR ATOM TO A
CONDUCTOR ATOM
Core of Silicon atom has a net charge of +4 (14 protons10electrons),Core of Copper atom has a net charge of +1
(29 protons-28 electrons)
Copper has 1 valence electron, silicon has 4 valence
electrons
Copper valence electron is in 4th shell, silicons valence
electrons are in 3rd shell
Valence electron on the copper has more energy than and
can easily acquire enough energy to escape from their
atoms.
REFERENCE
Electronics Devices, Thomas Floyd, 6th ed., New
Jersey, Prentice Hall, 2002
An Introduction to Electronic Devices and Circuit
Theory, Robert Boylestad et al., 9th ed., New
Jersey, Prentice Hall, 2006
ASSIGNMENT
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