Nursing Profesional

Tony Suharsono

Definition of nursing
Nurse

: dari bahasa latin nutrix yang berarti to

nourish
Nurse a a person who nourishes, foster, and
protect, and who is prepared to take care of
sick, injured, and aged people.
Nursing

encompassess autonomous and

colaborative care of individuals of all age,
families, groups and communities, sick or well in
all setting. Nursing includes the promotion of
health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill,
disabled, and dying people. Advocacy,
promotion of save environtment, research,
participation in shaping health policy, and in

Nursing
Nursing

is an art and science by which

people are assisted in learning to care
for themselves whenever posible and
cared for by others when they are
unable to meet their own needs
(Delaune & Ladner, 2006)
Art and science
Focuses on the clients respons to illness
Promotes health and help client move to
a higher level of wellness

Historic Perspectives on
Nursing
Early

Civilization
Believed that illness had supernatural
causes
Nurse usually was the mother who cared for
her family during sickness
Temple became the centers of medical care
Nurses cared for sick people in the home,
community also practical as nurse-midwifes
Early middle ages : nursing had developed
purpose, direction and leadership

Development of Nursing from the

16th to 19th Centuries
Western

societies changed from

having a religious orientation to
emphasizing walfare, exploration,
and expansion of knowledge.

Florence

Nightingale : elevated
status of nurses by training
school about health care and
nursing education

Florence Nightingale
Contribution
Identifiying

the personal need of the patient and

the role of the nurse in meeting those needs
Establishing standards for hospital management
Establishing nursing education
Recognizing the two component of nursing :
health and illness
Believing that nursing separate from medicine
Recognizing nutrition is important for health
Stressing the need for continuing education for
nurses

Development of Nursing from the

19th to 21st Centuries
Focused

attention on the need for

educated nurses in the USA (School
of nursing)
Nursing has broadened in all area,
including practice in a wide variety
of health care setting, development
of a spesific body of knowledge,
conduct and publication of nursing
research, recognition of the role of
nursing in promoting health

Currend Trends in Nursing

Nurses

continue to define their

own practice, the special and
distingtive role of nursing in
caring for others will become
increasingly recognizing in
society

Developing

scientific evidence to
develop guidelines for nursing
care

Paradigms in Nursing
Theoritical

structure that address the

central concept of that discipline

Provide

a context to understand the

interrelationship of the element of
contemporary nursing science

Paradigm

is the most abstract set of

central concept for the discipline of
nursing

Paradigms in Nursing

Philosophies in Nursing
Philosophies

are theoritical work

that address one or more of the
metaparadigm concept

Philosophies

are broad statement

of value and beliefs that propose
general ideas what nursing is,
what nursing concern are?

Nightingales Philosophy of
Nursing
Person

was a passive recipient of

care
Nursing primary focus was on the
manipulation of the persons
environtment to maintain or
achieve a state of health
A person health was the direct
result of environtmental
influence, specifically cleanliness,
light, pure air, pure water, dan

Nightingales Philosophy of
Nursing
Person

Environtmen
t

Health

Nursing

Phisical,
intelectual
and spiritual
being enable
to manipulate
the
environmental
to promote
health

Phisical
element that
affect the
healing
process :
cleanliness,
light, pure air
and water,
comfort

State of wellbeing

To facilitate
healing and
restore health
by
manipulating
the persons
environtment

Social Forces Affecting the

Nursing
4000

BC women were allowed to

perform the nurse role only in the home
Crimean and civil war had a significant
impact on nursing future by focusing on
woman as nurse provider and on the
need for nurses training
During the 20th century, evolution in
medical education as an established
profession had far advanced that on
nursing

Social Forces Affecting the

Nursing
During

world War II brought

social reform and created health
and medical insurance that
strengtened physician and
hospital. Nursing almost
exclusive a female profession and
had a little power.
1960 was a decade of growth
and change, technologic
advances increased the scope of
practical of medical and nursing

Social Forces Affecting the

Nursing
1970

nursing theories were being

developed and nursing education was
being integrated into the university
setting.
1980 nursing become more specializes
and autonomous. The rapid technologies
advance in medicine required more
specialization in nursing
1990 nurse were actively assuming
more responsibility for the deliveri the
health care

Impact Cultural to Nursing Care

Keperawatan di Indonesia
Januari

1983 : lokakarya nasional

keperawatan yang menetapkan
perawat sebagai profesi dan
pendidikan keperawatan berada dalam
pendidikan tinggi
UU kesh no 23 thn 1992 pasal 1 ayat 3
tenaga kesehatan adalah setiap orang
yang mengabdikan diri dalam bidang
kesehatan dan memiliki pengetahuan
dan atau ketrampilan yang didapat
melalui pendidikan.

Keperawatan di Indonesia
PP

no 32 tahun 1996 pasal 2 ayat

1(b) nakes terdiri dari tenaga
keperawatan
Ayat 3 tenaga keperawatan
meliputi perawat dan bidan
Kepmenkes RI no
1239/menkes/SK/XI/2001 tentang
registrasi dan praktik perawat

Profesional Nursing
Practice
A

profession is a group (vocational or occupational)

that requires specialized education and intellectual
knowledge.
There has been much debate as to whether nursing
is truly a profession rather than an occupation.
Registered nurses consider nursing to be a
profession similar to other professions (e.g.,
accounting, engineering, pharmacy, law, and
medicine).
However, for nursing to be recognized as a
profession by the society it serves, nursing must
demonstrate on an ongoing basis that it meets the
criteria of a profession

Aims of Nursing Practice

To

promote health
To prevent illness
To restore health
To facilitate coping with disability
or death

Nursing Roles
Care

giver
Comunicator
Teacher/Educator
Counselor
Leader
Researcher
Advocate

Criteria of a Profession
The

work is intellectual and

distinguished by a substantial
body of knowledge.
Provision of a unique service to
society
An expanding body of knowledge
Personal responsibility to the
public for services provided
A long periode for education,
including both theory and

Criteria of a Profession
Autonomy

and the ability to

develop policy about the
discipline and control activity of
ones members
Members share a common
identity, value, and attitude
A code of ethics to which its
member adhere

ANA Standards of Nursing

Practice
Assessment
Diagnosis
Outcomes

identification

Planning
Implementation
Evaluation

Standards of Profesional
Performance
Quality

of practice
Practice evaluation
Education
Collegiality
Collaboration
Ethics
Research
Resource utilization
Leadership

Element of profesional
accountability
Rights

and responsibilities
Organizational accountability
(professional regulation and
professional standart)
Accreditation (grant status that
meet predeterminant criteria)
Certification (licensed to practice
as a profession)

Educational Preparation for

Nursing Practice
Nursing

function today is so

complex
Nursing student required
comprehensive knowledge
Educational preparation for
nursing practice involved several
different types programs
Licensed practical nurse
Registered nurse
Graduate education in nursing

Licensed Practical/Vocational
Nurse
LPN

is trained in basic nursing

skill to provide client care under
guidance RN
Length of study : 12 months
Graduate of the licensed with
NCLEX PN
Practical nurse are prepared to
work in structured setting, such
as hospital and long-term care
facilities, under RN supervision.

Registered Nurse
Diploma
Programs

Associate
Degree
Programs

Bacalaureate
Programs

Length

2-3 years

2 years

4 years

Graduate
outcomes

Clinically
competent to
plan, direct,
and implement
care for
individuals and
groups in
collaboration
with other
health care
provider in
acute care and
community
based settings

Tecnically
competent to
plan and
implement care
in hospitals and
long care setting
with other health
care providers

Profesionally
prepared to plan,
implement, and
coordinate care,
health
promotion, and
illness prevention
for individual,
families, and
communities an
a variety of
setting

Accelerati
on

LPN or LVN

LPN or LVN

LPN or LVN,
diploma, and

Graduate Education in
Nursing
Masters
Program

Doctoral
Programs

Nurse
Doctorate
Programs

Length

18-24 months

3-5 years post

masters

4 years post
baccalaureate

Graduate
outcomes

Advance
practice nurse
prepared in a
spesific area of
specialization,
such as
education,
administration,
or clinical
practice

Leader for
education,
administration,
clinical practice
and research

Leader for
advance
clinical practice

BSN

RN

Accelerati RN and non

on
nurse degree
placement graduates