The Processor finds programs and data from

memory when it does its assigned task. The

memory is the place where every thing is
kept. The microcomputers memory is just a
temporary apace like a chalkboard where
the computer scribbles while work is using
done.
Unlike
human
memories,
the
computers memory is not a permanent
repository. The Computers memory simply
provides a place where computing can
happen.

Memory components of a computer system

can be divided into three categories:
1.

Internal processor memory or built-in

memory
:Cache memory.

2. Main memory: RAM, ROM.

3. Secondary Memory: Magnetic disk,
Magnetic Tape, Optical disk

A CPU cache is a cache used by the CPU of a computer to

reduce the average time to access memory. The cache is a
smaller, faster memory which stores copies of the data from
frequently used main memory locations.

Types of cache memory:

Level 0 (L0) Micro operations cache 6 KB in size

Level 1 (L1) Instruction cache 128 KB in size

Level 1 (L1) Data cache 128 KB in size. Best access speed is

around 700 GB/second

Level 2 (L2) Instruction and data (shared) 1 MB in size. Best

access speed is around 200 GB/second

Level 3 (L3) Shared cache 6 MB in size. Best access speed is

around 100 GB/second

Level 4 (L4) Shared cache 128 MB in size. Best access speed is

around 40 GB/second

Virtual memory is a system where all

physical memory is controlled by the
operating system. When a program needs
memory, it requests it from the operating
system. The operating system then
decides what physical location to place
the memory in.

Demonstration Class

Memory capacity is the number of 0s or 1s

that a memory can hold.
Bit: In Binary System 0 or 1 is called a bit.
Byte: A group of eight bits is called a byte.
Kilobyte: A Kilobyte (KB) is 1024 bytes.
Megabyte: A Megabyte (MB) is 1048576
bytes
Gigabyte: A Gigabyte (GB) is 1073741824
bytes
Terabyte: A Terabyte (TB) is 1099511627776
bytes
PetaByte: A PetaByte (PB) is 1024 TB.

Base Units: Bit & Byte.

Related units: Nibble, Word and Octet.
Traditional bit units: Kilobit. Megabit
Gigabit, Terabit, Petabit, Exabit, Zettabit,
Yottabit.
Traditional byte units: Kilobyte. Megabyte
Gigabyte, Terabyte, Petabyte, Exabyte,
Zettabyte, Yottabyte.
IEC (International Electrotechnical
Commission) bit units: Kibibit(KiB). Mebibit
Gibibit, Tebibit, Pebibit, Exbibit, Zebibit,
Yobibit.

You will lost all of your data when your

electricity go out. Ram is volatile
memory. When you shutdown your
computer. Info that haven't saved is
destroyed.

All data that stored in this type of

memory will retain when you shutdown
your computer. Rom is of type nonvolatile
memory.

Demonstration Class

In simple terms anything that carries

some sort of information is known as a
signal.
For
example
ECG
(Electrocardiogram)
that
provides
information about the health of a
persons heart is a signal. For example
the ECG signal shown in the diagram
below is a one-dimensional signal.

An analog or analogue signal is any

continuous signal for which the time
varying feature (variable) of the signal is
a representation of some other time
varying quantity, i.e., analogous to
another time varying signal. For example,
in
an
analog
audio
signal,
the
instantaneous voltage of the signal varies
continuously with the pressure of the
sound waves.

A digital signal, in which a continuous

quantity is represented by a discrete
function which can only take on one of a
finite number of values. The term analog
signal usually refers to electrical signals;
however,
mechanical,
pneumatic,
hydraulic, and other systems may also
convey analog signals.

Thermometer
Photocopiers
Old land-line telephones
Audio tapes
VCRs (same as TV) .

PCs, PDAs
Mobile Phones

In computer networking and computer

science, bandwidth, network bandwidth,
data bandwidth, or digital bandwidth is a
measurement of bit-rate of available or
consumed data communication resources
expressed in bits per second or multiples of
it (bit/s, Kbit/s, Mbit/s, Gbit/s, etc.).
On
signal
processing,
wireless
communications, modem data transmission,
digital communications, electronics, etc.,
the word 'bandwidth' is used to refer to
analog signal bandwidth measured in hertz.

In telecommunications, a repeater is an
electronic device that receives a signal
and retransmits it at a higher level or
higher power, or onto the other side of an
obstruction, so that the signal can cover
longer distances.

A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a
device that modulates an analog carrier
signal to encode digital information and
demodulates the signal to decode the
transmitted information.

Encryption is the process of encoding

messages or information in such a way
that only authorized parties can read it.

THANKS