General Characteristics of Protists.

Constituents of plankton, foundation

for aquatic food chains.
Free-living and parasitic forms.
Eukaryotic (9+2 flagella, membranous
organelles, nuclei)
Primarily unicellular (eg. Paramecium,
Euglena); some colonial (Volvox)
some multicellular (Seaweed)
Aerobic

General Characteristics of Protists

Cilia or flagella at some time in life cycle.
Sexual (syngamy- meiosis and union of
gametes) and asexually reproducing.
Grouped into three categories (representing
different phylogeny and nutritional modes)
Animal-like (protozoa): ingestive;
chemoheterotrophs
Fungus-like, absorptive; chemoheterotrophs
Plant-like (algae): photosynthetic autotrophs
Chlorophyll a and accessory pigments
(carotene, xanthophylls, phycobilins)

How did these characteristics evolve?

Autogenous model of membrane development.
Endosymbiotic hypothesis (serial endosymbiosis)
mitochondria & chloroplasts (Lynn Margulis)
Heterotrophic and photosynthetic prokaryotes
become endosymbionts.
Similar size
Inner membrane transport proteins and enzymes
similar
Divide by binary fission
Circular DNA without histones
Transcription/translation machinery
Evolution of eukaryotic flagella/cilia unknown.

Teori endosimbiont

Molecular Phylogeny (1)

Phylogenetics: the science of estimating

and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Phylogenetic relationships among microorganisms are especially difficult to discern.
Molecular biology often helps in
determining genetic relationships between
different organisms.

Molecular Phylogeny (2)

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and

proteins 'information molecules'
retain a record of an organism's
evolutionary history.
The approach is to compare nucleic
acid or protein sequences from
different organisms using computer
programs & estimate the evolutionary
relationships based on the degree of
homology between the sequences.

Molecular Phylogeny (3)

Nucleic acids & proteins are linear molecules
made of smaller units called nucleotides and
amino acids, respectively.
The nucleotide or amino acid differences
within a gene reflect the evolutionary
distance between two organisms.
In other words, closely related organisms will
exhibit fewer sequence differences than
distantly related organisms.
In particular, the sequence of the smallsubunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is widely used
in molecular phylogeny.

Molecular Phylogeny (4)

One advantage of the molecular approach in
determining phylogenetic relationships over the
more classical approaches, such as those based
on morphology or life cycle traits, is that the
differences are readily quantifiable.
Sequences from different organisms can be
compared and the number of differences can be
established.
These data are often expressed in the form of
'trees' in which the positions and lengths of the
'branches' depict the relatedness between
organisms.

Phylogeny of Protista
Many biologists propose different phylogeny.
Highly diverse and dynamic.
Kingdom is polyphyletic (members of taxon from
two or more ancestral forms)
Nucleic acid sequencing, cell structure
attempting to create monophyletic groups.
Have enabled systematists to create additional
kingdom-level groupings.
Splitting Kingdom Protista into 3 separate
kingdoms (Archaezoa, Protista/Protozoa,
Chromista)
or 5 candidate kingdoms (Archaezoa,
Euglenozoa, Alveolata, Stramenopila,
Rhodophyta)

Tree of Life

Three-domain tree of life based on small subunit rRNA

sequences (modified from N.R. Pace, ASM News
62:464, 1996).

Berbagai macam Algae

Phylogeny of the Protist

Klasifikasi Dunia Protista

A. Protozoa (Animal ike)
B. Algae (Plant-like)
C. Slime molds (Fungus-like)

A. Protozoa (1)
Sistem klasifikasi
tradisional:
Kelompok Ciliophora
Kelompok
Mastigophora
Kelompok Sarcodina
Kelompok Sporozoa

Sporozoa: Plasmodium

Sistem klasifikasi menurut Komite

sistematik dan evolusi
Protozoa (1980):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Phylum Labirinthomorpha
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Phylum Ciliophora
Phylum Apicomplexa
Phylum Microspora
Phylum Acetospora
Phylum Myxospora

Sistem klasifikasi (Cavalier-Smith; 1993):

1. Phylum Apicomplexa
2. Phylum Choanozoa
3. Phylum Ciliophora
4. Phylum Dinozoa
5. Phylum Entamoebia
6. Phylum Euglenozoa
7. Phylum Haplosporidia
8. Phylum Heliozoa
9. Phylum Mesozoa
10. Phylum Metamonada
11. Phylum Microsporidia
12. Phylum Mycetozoa
13. Phylum Myxosporidia
14. Phylum Opalozoa
15. Phylum Parabasalia
16. Phylum Paramyxia
17. Phylum Percolozoa
18. Phylum Radiozoa
19. Phylum Reticulosa
20. Phylum Rhizopoda

Bedasarkan sistem klasifikasi

filogenetik:

1.
2.
3.

Protozoa terdiri dari: Archeozoa dan Protozoa

Dunia Archeozoa:
Phylum Metamonada
Phylum Microsporidia
Phylum Parabasalia

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Dunia Protozoa :
Phylum Eulenozoa
Phylum Entamoebia
Phylum Mycetozoa
Phylum Ciliophora
Phylum Dinozoa
Phylum Apicomplexa
Phylum Rhizopoda

B. Algae

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Sistem klasifikasi tradisional:

Divisio Chlorophycophyta
Divisio Chrisophycophyta
Divisio Cryptophycophyta
Divisio Euglenophycophyta
Divisio Phaeophycophyta
Divisio Pyrrophycophyta
Divisio Rhodophycophyta

Sistem klasifikasi filogenetik (18S rRNA):

Algae sebagian masuk ke Protozoa, dan sebagian lagi

masuk ke Tumbuhan lalu sisanya masuk dalam Dunia
Chromista.
Dunia Chromista:
1. Phylum Haptophyta
2. Phylum Cryptista
3. Phylum Chloraciniophyta
4. Phylum Chrisopycea
5. Phylum Phaeopycea
6. Phylum Xanthopycea
7. Phylum Eustimatopyea
8. Phylum Diatomea
9. Phylum Oomycetidae
10. Phylum Thraustochitridae