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Up to this point, our consideration has been limited primarily to pure substances. However, a large
number of thermodynamic problems involve mixtures of different substances. Sometimes the
mixtures are referred to as solutions, particularly in the liquid and solid phases.
ni
yi
n
ni = no. of moles of i
n = total moles in mixture
mi
mf i
m
T
mi = mass of component i
m = total mass in mixture
Temperature
Volume
Mass
Chemical composition
P
Mixture
Gases A+B
U mix n AU A n BU B
Where U
denotes the partial molal internal energy.
Similar equations can be developed for other properties.
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
P
Mixture
Gases A+B
Temperature = T
Pressure = PB
Pressure = PA
Gas A
Volume V
Gas B
Volume V
V
Both the mixture, and the separated components can be considered as ideal gas.
PV PAV PBV
PBV nB R T
PAV n A R T
PV nR T
R
T
R
T
RT
+
P
V
PAV
B
n
n nA nB
B
A
P PA PB
RT
RT
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
Temperature = T
Pressure = P
Pressure = P
Mixture
Gas A
Gas B
Gases A+B
Volume VA
PV nR T
PVA n A R T
n nA nB
nA
PVA
RT
Volume VB
PVB nB R T
nB
V
In determining the U, H, and S of a mixture of
ideal gases, these models concludes that;
PVB
RT
ni Pi
n P
PV PVA PVB
RT
RT
RT
V
V
V VA VB A B 1
V
V
u nu n A u A n B u B
h nh n A h A n B hB
s ns n A s A n B s B
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
U m U i mi ui N i ui
i 1
i 1
i 1
Hm Hi mi hi N i hi
i 1
k
i 1
i 1
Sm Si mi si N i si
i 1
and
i 1
um mf i ui
and
(kJ / K)
i 1
um yi ui
(kJ / kg or kJ / kmol)
i 1
and
i 1
hm yi hi
(kJ / kg or kJ / kmol)
i 1
sm mf i si
(kJ)
i 1
hm mf i hi
(kJ)
sm yi si
and
i 1
(kJ / kg K or kJ / kmol K)
i 1
Cv , m mf i Cv , i
and
i 1
i 1
C p , m mf i C p , i
i 1
Cv , m yi Cv , i
k
and
C p , m yi C p , i
i 1
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
0.2764kJ / kgK
M
30.08
SOLUTION:
Components
%volume
Mole fraction
Molecular weight
Analysis on Mass
basis %
CO2
12
0.12 x
44 =
5.28 /30.08)x100
17.55
O2
0.04
32
1.28
4.26
N2
82
0.82
28
22.96
76.33
CO
0.02
28
0.56
1.86
+ 30.08 kg/kmol
+ 100
Analysis on Volume
basis %
CO2
17.55
0.1755 /
44 =
0.00399 /0.03324)x100
12
O2
4.26
0.0426
32
0.00133
N2
76.33
0.7633
28
0.02726
82
CO
1.86
0.0186
28
0.00066
+ 0.03324 kmol/kg
+ 100
1
R
8.3144
30.08kg / kmol R
0.2764kJ / kgK
0.03324
M
30.08
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
nA
nB
VA
VB
SOLUTION:
P
n=nA+nB
V=VA+VB
P2=PA+PB
s2 s1 CP ln
T2
P
R ln 2 (T cons tan t, for an ideal gas)
T1
P1
s2 s1 R ln
P2
P
nR ln 2 (for a gas mixture)
P1
P1
s2 s1 A nA R ln PA
n A R ln y A
P
s2 s1 B nB R ln PB nB R ln yB
P
s2 s1 mix s2 s1 A s2 s1 B R nA ln y A nB ln yB
s2 s1 mix R nk ln yk
k
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
10
2m3
Oxygen
2m3 T
TA1 = 100C
PB1 = 200kPa
3
m
TB1 = 500C
Nitrogen
10 3
m
U2 U1 = 0
0 n 0 C v 0 T TA n NC
2
N2
T T
2
B
1
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
323.2
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
Ru
Mm
( kJ / kg K )
kJ
kmol K 0.242 kJ
kg
kg K
34.4
kmol
8.314
mm
yi vf i
PmVm
Rm Tm
15
. MPa (1m3 )
103 kJ
( 0.242 kJ / ( kg K ))(30 273) K m3 MPa
20.45 kg
C p , m mf i C p ,i (0.488)(1.039) (0.512)(0.846)
Cv , m C p , m Rm ( 0.940 0.242 )
0.940
kJ
kgm K
0.698
kJ
kgm K
kJ
kgm K
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
m 1 m 2 m
qin in C p , m ( T2 T1 )
m h Q m h
kJ
1 1
in
2 2
0.940
kgm K
kJ
112.8
kgm
(120 K )
Q in m ( h2 h1 )
p , m (T2 T1 )
mC
(e) This mixture undergoes an isentropic process from 0.1 MPa, 30oC, to 0.2 MPa. Find T2.
The ratio of specific heats for the mixture is k C p , m 0.940 1347
.
Cv , m
0.698
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
yi ,1
sm mf i si
i 1
(0.488
0167
.
kg N 2
kgm
)( 0.206
kJ
kg N 2 K
) (0.512
kgCO2
kgm
)( 0131
.
kJ
kgCO2 K
kJ
kgm K
Why is sm negative for this problem? Find the entropy change using the average specific heats of
the mixture. Is your result the same as that above? Should it be?
(g) Both the N2 and CO2 are supplied in separate lines at 0.2 MPa and 300 K to a mixing chamber
and are mixed adiabatically. The resulting mixture has the composition as given in part (a).
Determine the entropy change due to the mixing process per unit mass of mixture.
Take the time to apply the steady-flow conservation
of energy and mass to show that the temperature of
the mixture at state 3 is 300 K.
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
Pi yi Pm
y N 2 , 3 0.6
y N 2 ,1 1
yCO2 , 2 1
yCO2 , 3 0.4
Then,
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
p p a pv
The total
pressure of
atmospheric air
The partial
pressure of dry
air
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
WATER
p pa pv
where pv p g @ Tmix
T
4
2
Tdp=Tg@Pv1=T2
T3 T2 Tdp
Dewpoint
g@T1
vv1=const
Pv1=const
T1
As to vapor state 1,
decrease the
temperature , then
pressure of vapor wont
change
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
P4
Pg @ T 1
Since we are considering the vapor to be an ideal gas, the relative humidity can also be defined
interms of specific volume or density: Pv v vv
Pg g vg
mv
mass of vapor
0.622
Pv
Pa
6-The degree of saturation = Actual humidity ratio / Humidity ratio of a saturated mixture = / g
7-The relation between the relative humidity and the humidity ratio;
Pv
Pa
Pa
Pg
0.622
0.622 Pg
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
0
.
7
5
.
628
3
.
94
kPa
28
.
6
C
v
1
dp
1
g
@
3
.
94
kPa
T
Pv1=3.94kPa
Pa1 P1 Pv1 100 3.94 96.06kPa
1
T1=350C
P
3.94
0
1 0.622 v1 0.622
0.0255
Tdp1=Tg@Pv=28.6 C
Pa1
96.06
ma1
Pa1V1
96.06 100
108.6kg
RaT1 0.287 308.2
Pv1V1
3.94 100
2.77 kg
RvT1 0.46152 308.2
Example 6: Calculate the amount of water vapor condensed if the mixture of the previous example
is cooled to 5 0C in a constant-pressure process.
P
0.8721
m
SOLUTION:
2 0.622 v 2 0.622
0.0055 v 2
Pa 2
99.128
ma 2
P2 P1 0.1MPa & T2 50 C Tdp1 28.60C
ma1 ma 2 ma 108.6kg
Pv 2
Pv 2
2 1.0
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
uair Cva T
uvap Cvv T
hair CPa T
hvap CPv T
Q W maCva T2 T1 mvCvv T2 T1
Vapor(1)
Vapor(2)
Vapor(1)
Vapor(2) + Liquid(2)
Condensatio
n
Vapor(1) + Liquid(1)
Vapor(2)
Evaporation
cv
1 air
1 vapor
Q cv W cv m a ha 2 ha1 m v 2 hv 2 hv1
Q cv W cv m a ha 2 ha1 m v 2 hv 2 m l1hl1 m v1hv1
0
Q cv W cv m a ha 2 ha1 m v 2 hv 2 m l 2 hl 2 m v1hv1
Q cv
ha1 1hv1 ha 2 2 hv 2 1 2 hl 2
m a
Vapor(1)
Vapor(2)
Vapor(1) + Liquid(1)
Vapor(2)
Evaporation
Vapor(1)
Vapor(2) + Liquid(2)
Condensatio
n
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
mN
2
P1N V
2
RN T1
2
mv1
1995 0.5
10.39kg
0.2968 323.2
Pv1V
5 0.5
0.01676kg
RvT1 0.46152 323.2
2 1 Pv 2 Pg 2 @ 10C 1.2276kPa
mv 2
Pv 2V
1.2276 0.5
0.0047 kg
RvT2 0.46152 283.2
Q W U 2 U1 N U 2 U1 vapor
2
Q 10.39 0.7448 10 50
0.0047 2389.2 0.01206 42.0 0.01676 2443.5
Q ( )338.8kJ
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
Air-water vapor
P1=105kPa
P2=100kPa
T1=300C
T2=150C
1=80%
2=95%
Cooling Coils
Ra Pv1
3.397
0.622
0.0208
105 3.397
Rv Pa1
hl 2 h f @ 15C 62.99kJ / kg
Q
cv ha 2 ha1 2 hv 2 1hv1 1 2 hl 2
m a
Q cv
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
P1 Pv1
100 3.398
0.02188
Cooling and Dehumidification
So for T2 = 20oC < Tdp, 1, some water-vapor will
condense. Let's assume that the condensed
water leaves the air conditioner at 20oC. Some
say the water leaves at the average of 26 and
20oC; however, 20oC is adequate for our use
m a1 m a 2 m a
here.
m v1 m v 2 m l 2
m l 2 m v1 m v 2
m a ( 1 2 )
kg v
kg a
Pv 2 2 Pg 2
(0.95)( 2.339 kPa ) 2.222 kPa
0.622 Pv 2 0.622(2.222)
P2 Pv 2
98 2.222
0.01443
kgv
kga
hv1 2555.6
kJ
kg v
hv 2 2537.4
kJ
kg v
hl 2 83.91
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
kJ
kg v
Q net
C pa (T2 T1 ) 2 hv 2 1hv1 ( 1 2 )hl 2
m a
Q&net
C pa (T2 T1 ) 2 hv 2 1hv1 (1 2 )hl 2
m&a
1.005
kJ
kg v
kJ
o
(20
30)
C
0.01443
(2537.4
)
kg a o C
kg a
kg v
0.02188
8.627
kgv
kg
kJ
kJ
(2555.6
) (0.02188 0.01443) v (83.91
)
kg a
kg v
kg a
kg v
kJ
kg a
qout
V1
a
The mass flow rate of dry air is given by m
v1
kJ
0.287
(30 273) K 3
RaT1
kg a K
m kPa
v1
Pa1
(100 3.398) kPa
kJ
m3
0.90
kg a
Q&net
kJ
8.627
&a
m
kg a
m3
200
min 222.2 kg a
m&a
m3
min
0.90
kg a
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
Air-water vapor
Air-water vapor
Q=0.1m3/s
P5=100kPa
0W
P1=100kPa
T5=300C
T1=5 C
0
1=50%
Electrical Heater
Q1-2=?
Fan
5=50%
Q
1st law 1 2 ha1 1hv1 5 1 hl 3 ha 5 5 hv 5 Qv1 Qa 0.1 / 2 0.05m3 / s
a
m
m v1 Qv1 v1 0.05 0.003396 0.0001698kg / s
where Pv1 1Pg 1@ 5C 0.5 0.8721 0.436kPa
m a Qa a 0.05 1.247 0.06235kg / s
v1
Pv1
0.436
m
Pv 5 5 Pg 5 @ 30C 0.50 4.246 2.143kPa
1 0.622
0.622
0.002724
100 0.436
a
Pa1
m
P
2.143
m
5 0.622 v 5 0.622
0.01349 v 5
Pa1
99.564
3
Pa 5
100 2.143
m a
a1
1.247 kg / m
RaT1 0.287 278.2
m v 5 0.01349 0.06235 0.000841kg / s
Pv1
0.436
v1
0.003396kg / m3
m lw 3 m v 5 m v1 0.000841 0.0001698 0.0006713kg / s
RvT1 0.46152 278.2
m
Q v1 Qv1 0.003396
1 0.002724 v1 v1
a Qa1 a1
m
Qa1 1.247
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
T5=30 C
0
5
3
T1=5 C
0
2
1
Q 1 2 m a ha 5 ha1 5 hv 5 1hv1 5 1 hl 3
Q 1 2 0.06235 1.0035 30 5 0.01349 2556.3
0.002724 2510.6 0.01349 0.002724 42.01
Q 1 2 3.2595kW
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
1 1
1
INSULATED
Liquid water, T2
Saturated
air-vapor
mixture
2 1
Q 0 & KE 0 & PE 0
ha1 1hv1 2 1 hl 2 ha 2 2 hv 2
1 hv1 hl 2 C pa T2 T1 2 hv 2 hl 2
1 hv1 hl 2 C pa T2 T1 2 h fg 2
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
2 1 Pv 2 Pg 2 @ 20 C 2.339kPa
2 0.622
Pv 2
2.339
0.622
0.0149
Pa 2
(100 2.339)
C pa T2 T1 2 h fg 2
hv1 hl 2
h h
1.0035 20 30 0.0149 2454.1
1
0.0107
2556.3 83.96
fg 2
1 0.622
1
fg @ 20 C
2454.1kJ / kg
Pv1
Pv1
0.622
0.0107 Pv1 1.691kPa
Pa1
(100 Pv1 )
Pv1
Pg1 @ 30 C
1.691
0.398 39.8%
4.246
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
h f 2 67.2
kJ
kg v
hv1 2544.7
kJ
kg v
h fg 2 2463.0
kJ
kg v
1.005
kg
kJ
kJ
o
16 24 C 0.0115 v (2463.0 )
o
kg a
kg v
kg a C
kJ
(2544.7 67.2)
kg v
0.00822
kg v
kg a
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
0.622 0.00822
1.3 kPa
Then the relative humidity at state 1 is
Pv1
Pv1
h1 ha1 1hv1
C paT1 1hv1
1.005
kg v
kJ
kJ
o
(24
C
)
0.00822
2544.7
kg a o C
kg a
kg v
45.04
kJ
kg a
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
Tdb
Psychrometric
Chart
Twb
How does the wet bulb temperature differs from the dry bulp temperature?
If the initial air-vapor mixture is not saturated (i.e., 1<100%), some of the liquid water in the cotton
wick evaporates and diffuses into the surrounding air mixture. A drop in the temperature of the water
in the wick will be associated with this evaporation.
However, as soon as the temperature of the water drops, heat is transferred to the water from both
the air mixture and the thermometer.
Finally a steady state, determined by heat and mass transfer rates, will be reached.
At atmospheric pressures and temperatures of air-vapor mixtures;
Twb TAST
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
Humidity Ratio
ulb
Te
mp
.
We
tB
Mi
xt u
re
En
tha
lp
Relative Humidity
HUMID
HOT
COLD
DRY
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
mv
h ha
hv ha hv
ma
H H a H v ma ha mv hv
Example 13: Determine the relative humidity, humidity ratio (specific humidity), enthalpy of the
atmospheric air per mass of dry air, and the specific volume of the mixture per mass of dry air at a
state where the dry-bulb temperature is 24oC, the wet-bulb temperature is 16oC, and atmospheric
44%
pressure is 100 kPa.
From the psychrometric chart read
gv
kg
0.008 v
kga
kga
kJ
h 46
kga
8.0
v 0.853
m3
kga
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
Dehumidification
m w m v1 m v 2
mw
ma
1 2
mr
ma
hmix1 hmix 2 h f 2 1 2
he hi
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
Humidification
m w m v 2 m v1
mw
ma
2 1
0 m a hmix 2 hmix1 h f 2 2 1
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
Evaporative Cooling
mw
ma
2 1
h f 2 2 1 hmix 2 hmix1
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
Adiabatic Mixing
m a 3 m a1 m a 2
hmix 3
m a1 hmix1 m a 2 hmix 2
ma 3
m a1 1 m a 2 2
ma3
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
Cooling Towers
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
Pv 2.548 kPa
0.6 or 60%
Pg 4.247 kPa
0.622
2.548 kPa
kg
0.01626 v
(100 2.548) kPa
kga
h ha hv
C p , a T (25013
. 182
. T)
kJ
kgv
kJ
o
o
(
30
C
)
0
.
01626
(
25013
.
182
.
(
30
C
))
kga o C
kga
kgv
kJ
7171
.
kga
1005
.
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
w 0.622
mv , 2 mv ,1
ma
mv , 2 mv ,1
ma
2 1
kgv
(0.00588 0.01626)
kga
0.01038
kgv
kga
Or, as the mixture changes from state 1 to state 2, 0.01038 kg of water vapor is condensed for each
kg of dry air.
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
Pv ,1
P Pv ,1
0.622
15845
.
kPa
(100 15845
.
) kPa
kg
0.01001 v
kga
Therefore, when the mixture gets cooled to T2 = 10oC < Tdp,1, the mixture is saturated, and =
2
100%. Then Pv,2 = Pg,2 = 1.228 kPa.
Pv ,2
1.228 kPa
w2 0.622
0.622
The change in mass of water per mass of dry air is
P Pv , 2
(100 1.228) kPa
mv , 2 mv ,1
2 1
kg
ma
0.00773 v
kg a
kg
( 0.00773 0.01001) v
kga
Or as the mixture changes from state 1 to state 2, 0.00228 kg of
water vapor is condensed for each kg of dry air.
0.00228
kgv
kga
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
0.040
Humidity Ratio
0.035
30 C
0.025
0.6
0.020
h3 =48 kJ/kga
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.8
0.030
0.000
-10
20 C
h2 =37 kJ/kga
h1 =17 kJ/kga1
10 C
3 =0.0091kgv/kga
0.2
0C
-5
0.4
1 = 2 =0.0049 kgv/kga
2
0
10
v1=0.793 m^3/kga
h ha hv
15
20
25
30
35
40
T [C]
(Enthalpy of air)
E in E out
Q in m a h1 m a h2
Q in m a (h2 h1 )
(Continuity)
m a1 m a 2 m a
v1 m
v2
m
2 1
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
V1
m a
v1
m3
60
kga
min 75.66 kga 1 min 1261
m a
.
m3
min 60s
s
0.793
kga
kga
kJ 1kWs
Q in 1261
.
s
25.22 kW
( 37 17)
kga kJ
This is the required heat transfer to the atmospheric air. List some ways in which this amount of
heat can be supplied.
At the exit, state 3, T3 = 25oC and 3 = 45%. The psychrometric chart gives
a2 m
a3 m
a
m
m v 2 m s m v 3
m s m v 3 m v 2
m s m a ( 3 2 )
kga
kg
1261
.
(0.0089 0.0049) v
s
kga
kg
0.00504 v
s
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II
Ein Eout
m a h2 m s hs m a h3
m s hs m a (h3 h2 )
m a ( 3 2 )hs m a (h3 h2 )
h3 h2
hs
3 2
hs
kJ
(48 37)
kg a
kg v
(0.0089 0.0049)
kg a
kJ
2750
kg v
At Ps = 1 MPa and hs = 2750 kJ/kgv, Ts = 179.88oC and the quality xs = 0.985.
See the text for applications involving cooling with dehumidification, evaporative cooling, adiabatic
mixing of airstreams, and wet cooling towers.
University of Gaziantep / Mechanical Engineering Department / Prof. Dr. M.Y. GUNDOGDU : ME 303 Thermodynamics II