LECTURE OUTLINE

PROGRAM STUDI PROFESI APOTEKER

JURUSAN FARMASI FAKULTAS MIPA UNUD

VITAMIN &
MINERAL

Made Ary Sarasmita, S.Farm, M.Farm.Klin, Apt

KEBUTUHAN GIZI

VITAMINS

Essential organic substances

Produce deficiency symptoms when missing from diet
Plant & animal foods provide vitamins
Yield no energy
Basic functions :
Facilitate energy yielding chemical reaction
As co-enzymes

Consist of 2 types fat soluble & water soluble

Fat soluble
Not readily excreted (exc. Vit K)

Water soluble
Generally lost from body (ex. Vit B6 and B12)
Excreted via urine

Preservation of Vitamins
Decreased vitamin content
Improper storage
Excessive cooking
Exposure to light, heat, water, alkalinity

Eat foods soon after harvest

Freeze food not consumed within a
few days
Blanching destroys enzymes
Slow down vitamin degradation

Overview : Fat Soluble

Vitamins

Dissolve in organic solvent

Not readily excreted
Absorbed along with fat
Fat malabsorption may cause
deficiency
Transported with fat in lipoprotein

Vitamin A
Narrow optimal intake range
Function promote vision (especially night
blindness, growth, prevent drying of the skin &
eyes, promote immune function & bacterial
infection, cardiovascular disease prevention, cancer
prevention, acne med)
Preformed
Retinoids
Found in animal product

Proformed
Carotenoids
Found in plant product

Recommended Amounts of
Vit A
900 mcg for men; 700 mcg for women
Daily value is 1000 mcg upper level is
3000 mcg
Much stored in liver
Toxicity of Vit A :
Large intake of vit A (preformed) sign &
symptom : bone/muscle pain, loss of
appetite, skin disorders, headache, dry skin,
hair loss, increasing liver size, vomiting,
fetal malformation, permanent damage

Vitamin D
Prohormone
Derived from
cholesterol
Synthesized from sun
exposure
Sunscreen SPF > 8
decrease synthesis
Expose hand, face,
arms 2-3x/week for 510 minutes each time

Activated by
enzymes in liver and
kidneys

Function of Vit D
Regulates blood Calcium
Along with PTH hormones
Regulates calcium + phosphorus
absorption
Reduces kidney excretion of calcium
Regulates calcium deposition in bone

Influence normal cell development

Linked to reduction of breast, colon &
prostate Cancer

Role in Bone Formation

Causes calcium + phosphorus
to deposit in the bones
Strengthens bone
Rickets low of vit D
breastfed infant with little sun
exposure
Osteomalacia ricket-like in
adult, bone lose minerals &
become porous

Food Source of Vit D

Fatty fish, fortified milk & cereal
Adequate Intake for Vitamin D
5 mcg/day (200 IU/day) for adult under age 51
10-15 mcg/day (400-600 IU/day) for older
Supplement if a breastfed infant
Vit D can be very toxic especially in infancy
and childhood (upper level is 50 mcg/day)
Result in over-absorption of Ca
(hypercalcemia), increase calcium excretion,
calcium deposits in organs and blood vessels,
growth retardation

Function of Vitamin E
Protects double bonds in unsaturated fats
Improves vit A absorption
Deficiency breakdown of cell membranes,
hemolysis, nerve degeneration
RDA for adults is 15 mg/day
Upper level is 1.000 mg/day (supplementary of alpha
tocopherol)
Upper level is 1500 IU (natural sources) of 1100 IU
(syntetic forms)
Toxic effect inhibit vit K metabolism &
anticoagulants, possible hemorrhage, muscle
weakness, headaches, nausea

Vitamin K
Synthesized by bacteria in the colon &
absorbed
Role in coagulation process & calcium
binding potential
Food sources of Vit K liver, green leafy
vegetables, broccoli, peas, green beans,
resistant to cooking losses, limited vit K
stored in the body
Adequate intake for vit K
90 mcg/day for women; 120 mcg/day for men
Excess vit A & E interferes with vit K, may
cause hemorrhage & fractures
Newborn routinely injected with Vit K,
breastmilk (poor source)
Toxicity unlikely; readily excreted

Overview : Watur Soluble

Vitamins

Dissolve in water
Generally readily excreted from body
Subject to cooking losses
Function as coenzymes
Participate in energy metabolism
50-90% of B vitamins are absorbed
Marginal deficiency more common

Thiamin
Sensitive to alkalinity & heat
Coenzyme form used in
energy metabolism
Deficiency : beri-beri
RDA 1,1 mg/day for
women; 1,2 mg/day for men,
most exceed RDA in diet
Surplus in rapidly lost in
urine, nontoxic

Riboflavin
Coenzyme form participate in energy
yielding metabolic pathways
Deficiency : cheilosis, inflammation of
mouth & tongue, dermatitis, photosensitive
RDA 1,1 mg/day for women; 1,3 mg/day
for men; average intake above RDA
Nontoxic
Food sourve of riboflavin milk,
grains/cereals, egg, liver, spinach, oyster,
yeast

Niacin
Coenzyme form used in energy
metabolism
RDA 14 mg/day for women; 16
mg/day for men
Toxicity occur when upper level is
35 mg/day
Food sources of niacin : enriched
grains, beef, chicken, fish
Heat stable, little cooking loss
60 mg tryptophan can be converted
into 1 mg niacin

Pantothenic Acid
Part of Coenzyme A essential for
metabolism of carbohydrate, fat,
protein
Deficiency rare
Adequate intake = 5 mg/day

Food source : meat, milk,

mushrooms, liver, peanuts

Biotin
Free and bound form
Coenzyme metabolism of carbohydrate & fat,
help breakdown certain amino acids
Deficiency rare scaly, inflamed skin, change in
tongue, lips, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting
Food source : cauliflower, egg yolk, liver, peanuts,
cheese
Intestinal synthesis of biotin contributes very little
RDA adequate intake is 30 mcg/day (adult)
No upper level for biotin, relatively non toxic

Vitamin B6
Coenzyme forms activate enzymes needed for
metabolism of carbohydrate, fat, protein; synthesize
nonessential amino acid via transamination,
synthesize neurotransmitter, synthesize Hb & WBC,
role in homocysteine metabolism
RDA
1,3 mg/day for adult
1,7 mg/day for men over 50; 1,5 mg/day for women over
50
Daily value is 2 mg average intake is more than RDA
Athletes may need more
Alcohol increase vit B6 destruction

Vit B6 As a Medicine ?
Pregnancy Hypertension
50 100 mg/day therapy

Carpal tunnel syndrom

Morning sickness
100 mg/day

Toxicity potential
More than 200 mg/day can lead to
irreversible nerve damage upper level
set as 100 mg/day

Vitamin B12
Synthesized by bacteria & fungi
Coenzyme Role in folate metabolism, maintenance of
myelin sheaths, RBC formation
RDA 2,4 mcg/day for adult, average intake exceeds
RDA, nontoxic
Deficiency pernicious anemia, nerve degeneration
and paralysis
Absorption of B12 require a protein from salivary
gland, require stomach acid, require intrinsic factor,
absorbed in the last part of small intestine about 50%
Therapy for Ineffective Absorption injection of vit
B12/monthly, vit B12 nasal gel
Food source animal product (stored primarily in liver
of animal), organ meat, seafood, egg, milk

Vitamin C

Synthesized by most animals not by humans

Decreased absorption with high intakes
Excess excreted diarrhea common
Food source citrus, broccoli, strawberry, spinach,
potatoes, etc
RDA for Vit C 90 mg/day (adult male), 75 mg/day (adult
female), daily value is 60 mg; more 35 mg/day for smokers,
average intake 100 mg/day, upper level is 2 g / day
Sensitive to cooking/heat, iron, copper, O2
Function synthesis of collagen, iron absorption, immune
function, antioxidant
Deficiency scurvy
Deficient for 20-40 days, symptoms: fatigue, pinpoint
hemorrhage, bleeding gums, weakness, fractures, associated
with poverty

MINERAL
Mineral adalah zat
yang berperan
untuk mencukupi
kebutuhan gizi,
mengatur
keseimbangan
cairan tubuh, &
membantu
pertumbuhan
Contoh : Kalsium,

Mineral yang Penting Untuk Tubuh

ZAT BESI

Folate
Coenzyme DNA synthesis,
homocysteine metabolism, NT formation
Sensitive to heat, oxidation, UV
Deficiency megaloblast cell,
megaloblast anemia, neural tube defect
Food source liver, fortified cereal &
milk, vegetable, orange, grain, legumes
RDA
400 mcg/day (adult); 600 mcg/day
(pregnancy); excess intake can mask vit B12
deficiency, upper level is 1 mg (synthetic
form) folate in food has limited absorption

Folic Acid Deficiency

Choline
Essential nutrient, though not a vitamin
All tissues contain choline precursor of
acetylcholine, precursors for phospolipids,
some role in homocystein metabolism
Widely distributed in food milk, liver, egg,
peanut, lecithin
Deficiency rare
Adequate intake is 550 mg/day (male), 425 mg/day
(female), average intake 700-1000 mg/day
High doses fishy body odor, vomiting, salivation,
sweating, hypotension, GI effect 3,5 g/day

22/06/2014

BAKTI SOSIAL HUT IKATAN

APOTEKER INDONESIA 2014 DI
UBUD, GIANYAR

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