TUBERCULOSIS

Presented by Group 3:
David Ally
Shafali Milton
Elisabeth Ojha
Rejane Persaud
Orson Simon
Jonathan Singh
Rene Tucker

WHAT IS TUBERCULOSIS?
Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially fatal contagious disease

that can affect almost any part of the body but is mainly an
infection of the lungs.
Caused by a bacterial microorganism, the tubercle bacillus

orMycobacterium tuberculosis
Two forms: Latent and Active

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INCIDENCE (WHO)

One third of the worlds population has

latent TB, with a 5-10% risk of developing

active TB

In 2014, 9.6 million people fell ill with TB

and 1.5 million died from the disease. The

largest number of new TB cases occurred
in the South-East Asia and Western Pacific
Regions, accounting for 58% of new cases
globally. However, Africa carried the most
severe burden, with 281 cases per 100
000 population in 2014
In 2014, about 80% of reported TB cases occurred in 22

EPIDEMIOLOGY -WHO
Over 95% of TB deaths occur in low- and middle-income

countries, and it is among the top 5 causes of death for

women aged 15 to 44.
In 2014, an estimated 1 million children became ill with TB
and 140 000 children died of TB.
Globally in 2014, an estimated 480 000 people developed
multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB).

in 2015, 1 in 3 HIV deaths was due to TB.

TB IN GUYANA (2014)
Mortality: 26.5 per 100,000
Incidence of TB: 81 per

100,000
Incidence of TB in HIV positive
patients: 22 per 100,000

Among 545 new and relapse

cases:
11 (2%) cases aged under
15 years
Male: female ratio- 2:6
25% were HIV-positive
13.5% of cases showed
MDR-TB

ETIOLOGY
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB
These are slender rods which are acid-fast.

ETIOLOGY
TB!
Contamina
ted milk
innoculati
on
pregnanc
y

Direct
inhalation
of airborne
organisms
(via
expectorati
on of
aerosols)

RISK FACTORS
HIV positive persons

Prolonged close contact

with infected person

Travelling to
countries
with prevalent Tb

Treatments that weaken

the immune system

Persons who are very

young or very old

Poor lifestyle habits

and other problems

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL COURSE

Fever
Night sweats
Malaise
Anorexia
Weight Loss

Sputum
Hemoptysis
Pleuritic pain

Genitourinary
TB
Tuberculous
meningitis
Pott disease
Gastrointestinal

Extrapulmonary Manifestations

Pulmonary Manifestations

SYMPTOMS OF TB

MORPHOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS

DEFINITIVE CHARACTERISTICS
Characteristics

Primary

Secondary

Site

Any part of lung

Apical regions

Local lesion

Small

Large

Cavity formation

Rare

Frequent

Lymphatic involvement

Yes

Minimal

Infectivity

Uncommon

Usual

Tuberculin reactivity (TB

Test)

Negative (initially)

Positive

Local spread

Uncommon

Frequent

PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS
MACROSCOPIC MORPHOLOGY

Ghon
Focus
Nodal
Involveme
nt

Ghon
Comple
x

PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS
MICROSCOPIC MORPHOLOGY

Central granular
caseation
Multinucleated
giant cell
Multinucleated
giant cell

SECONDARY TUBERCULOSIS
MACROSCOPIC MORPHOLOGY
Cavity
formation in
lung apices

SECONDARY TUBERCULOSIS
MICROSCOPIC MORPHOLOGY

REFERENCES
Kumar, V., Abbas, A., & Aster, J. (2013). Robbins Basic Pathology: Ninth
Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders.
McIntosh, James and Dr Webberley. "Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms And
Treatments".Medical News Today. N.p., 2015. Web. 14 Sept. 2016.
Symptoms And Causes - Tuberculosis - Mayo Clinic".Mayoclinic.org. N.p.,
2016. Web. 14 Sept. 2016.

DEFINITIVE CHARACTERISTICS (SUMMARY)

Primary Tuberculosis

Secondary Tuberculosis

Unexposed unsensitised patient

Preexposed/infected patient

Symptoms appears in a matter of weeks

Symptoms appear within hours to days

Commonly occurs in lower lobes

Commonly localised in the apices of one or both

upper lobes

Ghon complex occurs (Ghon Focus +

Diseased nodes)

Ghon focus (no nodal involvement) + additional

areas of infection common

Treatment for both types is the same

Occurs with normal immunity

Occurs with faulty immune system

(opportunistic)

Nonspecific immune reaction

Specific reaction due to previous sensitisation

Cavitation occurs less readily

Cavitation occurs readily due to previous

sensitisation.

Sputum rarely contains bacilli

Sputum contains bacilli, therefore, transmission

via this route occurs easily.