ADITYA BIRLA SENIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOL

TERM - II
FORMATIVE ASSISMENT - III

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Heredity & Evolution

RULES FOR
THE INHERITANCE OF TRAITS :
MENDELS CLASSIFICATION

Rules for
The Inheritance of Traits
MENDELS
CLASSIFICATION

INTRODUCTION
INHERITANCE is the transmission of genetically

controlled characteristics (or traits) from one generation to

the next.
The passing of traits from the parents to offspring is called
HERIDITY.
This is heredity which is responsible for many commonly
observable facts; like siblings looking similar in overall
appearance.

HERIDITY
GENOTYPE

PHENOTYPE

The complete set of genes

in an organisms genome
is called genotype.
Genotype is always in
pairs such as TT ,Tt, tt etc.

The observable characters

in an organism make the

phenotype. Phenotype is a
result of genotypes
interaction with the
environment. For e.g.. tall
dwarf.

Gene
DOMINANT GENE

RECESSIVE GENE

T he gene which decides the appearance of an

organism even in the presence of an

alternative gene is known as a dominant
gene.
Dominant gene is represented by a capital
letter.

The gene which can decide the

appearance of an organism only in the

presence of an another identical gene is
called a recessive trait.
Recessive gene is represented by the
corresponding small letter

Inheritable Traits

ACQUIRED TRAITS
T R A I T S ; W H IC H A R E A C Q U IR E D D U E T O
I N T E RA C T I O N W IT H T H E E N V I RO N M EN T ;
A R E C A L L E D A C Q U I R ED T R A I T S .
ACQUIRED TRAITS ARE NOT
I N H ER I T A BL E . F O R E X A M P L E ; I F A
B O X ER D EV E L O PS BU L GIN G BI C EP S , IT
D O E S N O T M E A N T H A T H IS S O N W O U L D
B E B O R N E W IT H BU L GI N G BI C E P S .

INHERITABLE TRAITS
T RA I T S ; WH I C H C A N B E EX P RE S S E D I N
S U B S EQ U EN T GE N ER A T I O N S ; A R E
C A L L E D I N H E R I T A BL E T R A I T S . S U C H
T R A I T S B R IN G A C H A N GE IN T H E
G EN O T Y P E O F T H E O R GA N I S M A N D
H EN C E B EC O M E I N H E R IT A BL E.

RULES FOR INHERITANCE

Gregor Johann Mendel

conducted experiments
on pea plants and
proposed the rules of
inheritance; based on his
observations. Mendel
observed that characters
are often present in
pairs. A pair of
contrasting characters is
called allele.

F1 & F2 GENERATION
When two parents cross(or breed) to produce

progeny(or offsprings), then their progeny is called

first filial generation or F1 Generation.
(F stands for filial which denotes progeny of a cross)
When the first generation progeny cross (or breed )
among themselves to produce second generation
progeny, then this progeny is called second filial
generation or F2 Generation.

Possible Reasons of Pea Plants Used

by Mendel:
Pea can be termed as biennial plant, i.e. two

generations of a pea plant can grow in a given

year. This means that Mendel could get
enough time to observe a larger number of
generations.
Many easily identifiable and contrasting
characters are present in pea plants.
Cross pollination can be easily induced in pea
plants.

MENDELS FIRST LAW

LAW OF SEGRATION

Law of Segregation
Every individual possesses a pair of alleles for a particular

trait. During gamete formation, a gamete receives only one

trait from the alleles. A particular trait can be dominant or
recessive in a particular generation.
Mendel made 2 innovations to the science of genetics :

developed pure lines

Counted his results and kept statical notes

Mendels 2nd Observation

The short character is said to be recessive, while the tall

character is dominant.
Recessive genetic characters are not modified when in the
presence of the dominant character, but can be recovered
on further crossing.
The segregation of differentiating traits is Mendel's First
Law.
The 3:1 ratio is consistent with each plant having two copies
of the "gene" and randomly passing one copy through the
gametes (pollen or egg). Union of the haploid gametes
results again in a diploid organism with two copies.

Mendels 1st Observation

Plants that do not give mixtures when selfed are said to be

homozygous for the tall trait.

Those that produce mixtures are said to be heterozygous.
Heterozygous individuals produce segregating
populations.

MONOHYBRIDE
INHERITANCE

 The cross in which just two contrasting characters are studied

is called monohybrid cross. Mendel did monohybrid cross for

his first experiment.
Let us take the example of cross between tall plants and short
plants.
TT represents the genotype of tall plant and tt represents the
genotype of short plants. In the F2 generation, all plants were
tall but their genotype was Tt; which means they were not
pure tall plants. This could be established by the appearance
of the character of shortness in the F2 generation; in which
most of the plants were tall and some of the plants were
short. This experiment showed that the character of shortness
of recessive in F1 generation and hence could not be
observed. The ratio of number of tall plants to that of short
plants in F2 generation was 3 : 1.

Out of total 1064 pea plants of F2 generation,

Mendel found that there were 787 tall pea plants and
277 dwarf pea plants. The ratio of dwarf plants
comes to be 787 : 277 = 2.84 : 1, which is
approximately equal to 3 : 1 . Thus, yet another result
obtained from Mendel's monohybrid inheritance
experiment is that the ratio of tall plants to dwarf
plants in F2 generation is3 :1. since tallness is a
dominant trait and dwarfness is a recessive trait, so
we can also say that the contrasting progeny in the
F2 generation occur in the ratio of 3 dominant to 1
recessive. The ratio 3 :1 is known as the
monohybrid ratio

TT
Tall

Tt

TT
Tall

Tt

Tt
Tt
Tall Dwarf

DIHYBRIDE
INHERITANCE

The cross in which two pairs of characters are studied is

called Dihybrid cross. In his second experiment, Mendel

used Dihybrid cross.
Let us take example between plants with round and green
seeds and those with wrinkled and yellow seeds. The
genotype of round and green seeds is shown by RRyy and
that of wrinkled and yellow seeds is shown by rrYY. In the
F1 generation, all plants produced round and yellow
seeds; which means that wrinkled texture was the
recessive character and so was the green colour of seeds.
When plants of F1 generation were allowed to self
pollinate; it was observed that most of the plants in F2
generation produced round and yellow seeds. Some plants
produces round green seeds, some produced wrinkled
yellow seeds and some produced wrinkled green seeds.

DIHYBRID RATIO
Round yellow seeds: 315
Round green seeds: 108
Wrinkled yellow seeds: 101
Wrinkled green seeds: 32
PHENOTYPIC RATIO : -

315 : 108 : 101 : 32

9 : 3 : 3 : 1

MENDELS SECOND LAW

LAW OF INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT

Law of Independent Assortment

Alleles of different characters separate independent

from each other during gamete formation.

Alleles of texture were assorted independently from
those of seed colour.

Results of Dihybrid Inheritance

RY

Ry

rY

ry

RY

RRYY
Round
yellow

RRYy
Round
yellow

RrYY
Round
yellow

RrYy
Round
yellow

Ry

RRYy
Round
yellow

Rryy
Round
Green

RrYy
Round
yellow

Rryy
Round
green

rY

RrYY
Round
yellow

RrYy
Round
yellow

rrYY
Wrinkled
yellow

rrYy
Wrinkled
yellow

ry

RrYy
Round
yellow

Rryy
Round
Green

rrYy
Wrinkled
yellow

Rryy
Wrinkled
green

ARE YOU READY ???

ITS YOUR TURN

QUIZ TIME

1.When parents are crossed, the

offspring are referred to as :
(a) recessives
(b) Test cross
(c) F1 generation
(d) F2 generation

2.A cross b/w two individuals results in a ratio of

9:3:3:1 for four possible phenotype of progeny.
This is an example of :

(a) Dihybrid cross

(b) Monohybrid cross
(c) Test cross
(d) NOTA

3.In peas, a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed

with a pure short plant (tt). The ratio of pure
tall plant to a pure short plant in F2
generation will be:
(a) 1:3
(b) 3:1
(c) 1:1
(d) 2:1

4. The visible characterstics in an

organism is known as:
(a) prototype
(b) stereotype
(c) Phenotype
(d) genotype

5.For Mendel's experiment on

heredity, Mendel used :
(a) Pea plant
(b) Papaya plant
(c) Potato plant
(d) Pear plant

6.A plant with two small genes breeds

with a plant with two tall genes to
produce :
(a) Small plant and tall plant in ratio 1:3
(b) All small plants
(c) All tall plants
(d) Tall plant and small plants in ratio 3:1

7.A cross b/w a tall plant (TT) and

short plant (tt) resulted in progeny that
were all tall plants because :
(a) Tallness is the dominant trait
(b) Shortness is the dominant trait

(c) Tallness is the recessive trait

(d) plants height isnt governed by T & t

8.A trait in an organism is

influenced by :
(a) Parental DNA only
(b) Maternal DNA only
both maternal & paternal DNA
(d) Neither paternal nor maternal DNA

9.If the ratio of each phenotype of seeds

of a pea plants in the F2 generation is
9:3:3:1, its known as
(a) Tetrahybrid ratio
(b) Trihybrid ratio
(c) Monohybrid ratio
(d) Dihybrid ratio

10.mendels called the repressed

trait of dwarfness as:
(a) Tallness trait
(b) Dominant trait
(c) Deafness trait
(d) Recessive traits

Presented By:
DEEPALI KAR
(10B11)
Class :
10 B
th

THANK YOU

THE END