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and Function
polar
side
chains
Non-polar
side
chains
Unfolded polypeptide
hydrogen bonds
hydrophobic
core region contains can be formed
to
Non-polar
the polar side
side chains
chains
on the outside
of
the molecule
Folded conformation in
aqueous environment
Expose to a
high
concentration
of urea
Purified protein
isolated from
cells
Remove
urea
Denatur
ed
protein
Original
conformation
of protein reforms
amino
acid
side
chain
helix
oxygen
carbon
hydrog
en
bond
hydrogen
nitrogen
nitrogen
carbon
hydrogen
bond
hydrogen
nitrogen
peptid
e
bond
oxygen
amino
acid
side
chain
carbon
sheet
Lefthanded
Righthanded
hydrophobic amino
acid
side chain
Phospholipid
hydrogen bond
helix
(A
)
(B)
a helix
b sheet
seconda
ry
structur
e
Fig.
single
polypeptid
e
domain
protein molecule
made of two
different
domains
HOOC
HOOC
NH2
elastase
NH2
chymotrypsin