Dwpe 1

CE - 8011
Dam and Water Power Engineering
Prof. Anand Kr. Sinha

Professor (Civil and Environmental Engineering)
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra
Monsoon Semester, 2016-2017
Civil Engineering
Structural Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering
Water Resources Engineering
Environmental Engineering
Transportation Engineering
Other Specialisations like Surveying,
Construction Technology etc
Water Resources
Engineering
Fluid Mechanics I
Fluid Mechanics II
Irrigation Engineering and Hydrology
Electives
Dam and Water Power Engineering
Ground Water Engineering
Watershed Engineering and
Management
Dam and Water Power

Engineering
Reservoir Regulation
Earth Dam
Gravity Dam
Arch Dam
Water Power Development
Surge Tanks
Economical Design of Penstocks
Dam and Water Power

Engineering
Portion up to Mid Semester Examination
Earth Dam
Gravity Dam
Teachers Internal Assessment
Term Paper Presentation 15 Marks
To be presented in the class in presence of all
students and the teacher
Report of about ten to fifteen pages to be
submitted along with the presentation
Dam and Water Power

Engineering
Time Table
Tuesday 2.40 pm (262B)
Thursday 11.20 am (201)
Friday 2.40 pm (265)
Dam and Reservoir System
Storage Headwork Dam
A dam is a solid obstruction constructed
across the river at a suitable site to
create huge impoundment of water.
Diversion Headwork Weir or Barrage
A weir is a solid obstruction constructed
across the river to raise the water level
and divert it in to the canal.
Single Purpose Project It serves only one
purpose. It has only one objective.
Multi Purpose Project It serves more than
one purposes. It has more than one
objectives.
Various Objectives of Multi Purpose Projects
Flood Control, Hydro Power, Irrigation, Urban
Water Supply, Industrial Water Supply, Soil
Conservation, Fishery, Navigation, Tourism,
Entertainment and Sports
Reservoir is created by construction
of dam across the river or stream.
There is impounding of runoff from
the catchment upstream.
Storage When the flow is in excess
of demand
Release During the lean supply
period To meet various demands
Various Demands Hydro Power
Generation, Irrigation, Urban Water
Supply, Industrial Water Supply
Multi purpose reservoirs are generally
of large capacity so as to generate
maximum firm power, reserve a
certain minimum storage capacity at
all times for flood control, and provide
steady supply for kharif and rabi crops.
10
Balancing reservoir is of limited capacity
located downstream to main reservoir to
store water let down from reservoir in
excess of that required for irrigation or
additional power generation, provide
flexibility of operation for distribution
system, and for permitting regulated
supply to penstocks to cater fluctuations
in the requirement of water supply to the
turbine depending upon the load.
11
System of Reservoirs Group of reservoirs
which may be operated in integrated manner
for optimum utilisation of water.
Storage Zones of Reservoirs
Dead Storage It is about 10 to 20 % of total
storage. It is provided to cater for sediment
deposition. It is equivalent to the volume of
sediment expected to be deposited in the
reservoir during the designed life of reservoir
(usually 100 years).
12
13
Live Storage The storage capacity above
dead storage.
Inactive Live Storage The storage
capacity in between the dead storage level
and minimum drawdown level.
Active Live Storage = Live Storage
Inactive Live Storage
Minimum drawdown level is fixed so as to
maintain minimum head required for power
generation.
14
Live storage should be sufficient so that the
project is successful for 75 % of life for irrigation,
90 % of life for hydro power generation, and 100
% of life for water supply.
Flood Storage The storage between the
maximum reservoir level and the full reservoir
level. It is for storing flood water temporarily to
moderate the release downstream.
Valley Storage The storage in rivers during
flood after it has overflown its banks.
15
Reservoir Yield
The total yearly runoff expressed as the
volume of water entering or passing
the outlet point of the catchment is
known as the catchment yield and is
expressed in M m3 or M ha-m.
The amount of water that can be drawn
from a reservoir in any specified time
interval is called the reservoir yield.
16
The reservoir yield depends upon the inflow in
to the reservoir and the reservoir losses
consisting of reservoir leakage and reservoir
evaporation.
Catchment yield mass curve of inflow,
reservoir yield mass curve of demand or
outflow, both these curves decide the reservoir
capacity provided the reservoir losses are
ignored or separately accounted.
Firm yield and secondary yield Firm yield
correspond to the most critical year on record.
17
Rule Curve
Rule Curves and Operating Tables for
Reservoirs Multipurpose reservoirs need to
be operated and regulated efficiently with a
high degree of intelligence, intuition, and
experience in order to ensure that they are
neither left partially empty at the end of the
rainy season, nor they are found full at the
time of arrival of a series of flood peaks,
leading to heavy releases causing floods in
the downstream valley.
18
Guiding tables and curves, which are called
rule curves are drawn in advance and kept
ready for use for the efficient regulation of
the reservoir water with time.
Rule curve can be in tabular or graphical
form.
The intelligent and timely manipulations
accompanied by proper rain forecasts may
help us to avoid flooding of the
downstream area.
19
Storage Capacity Determination
The observed data of river on which
the dam is to be constructed.
Data should be for 30 years
(minimum 10 years)
Analytical Method
Mass Curve Method
Bar Graph Method
20
Analytical Method
Inflow and demand in each month
Demand includes prior rights, evaporation
losses, rainfall.
The maximum value of cumulative excess
of demand over the inflow represents
minimum required storage.
The cumulative excess inflow indicates the
filling up of the reservoir and its timing.
21
Mass Curve Method
Mass curve is the plot of cumulative inflow vs
time.
Mass curve is drawn for the years of minimum
flow.
Demand lines are drawn tangentially at various
crest and trough points and the largest ordinate
is the required storage capacity.
The reservoir is assumed full at the beginning
of dry period.
22
Bar Graph Method
Average inflow of the driest years are
plotted against time.
Demand line is uniform or stepped in case of
non-uniform demand.
Area of cumulative deficit = Required
storage capacity of the reservoir
The storage required to meet maximum
uniform demand without loss of water is
surplus area over the demand.
23
Problem 1
The yield of water from a catchment
area during each successive month is
given below. Determine the minimum
capacity of a reservoir required to
allow the above volume of water to be
drawn off at a uniform rate assuming
that
ofJulwater
Month there
Jan Fe is
Ma no
Ap loss
Ma Jun
Au Se over
Oc Nothe
De
g
p
t
v
c
spillway.b r r y
Yield
(106
m3)
1.4
1
2.1
2.8
8.4
11. 11. 7.7 2.8

9 2016-2017
Monsoon9
Semester,
2.5
2
2.2
4
1.9
6
1.6
824
Total
inflow = 57.4 106 m3
Monthly demand = = 4.78 106 m3
Storage required = (8.4 + 11.9 + 11.9 + 7.7)
106
- 4.78 4 106 = 20.78 106 m3
Problem 2
The runoff data for a river along with the
probable demand is given below. Can the flow
in the river cater to the demand? If so, how?
25
What is the maximum uniform demand
that can be met and what is the
storage capacity required to meet the
demand?
Month Ja Fe Ma Ap Ma Jun Jul Au Se Oc No De
n
Inflow
(Mm3)
13
5
23
27
21
15
Deman
d
(Mm3)
60
55
80
102 100 121 38
40
120 185 112 87

30
25
59
63
42
85
75
Maximum cumulative deficit = Storage

required
26
Mont Inflo
h
w
Dema
nd
Inflow
Demand
Cumulati Cumulati
ve
ve
Deficit
Excess
Flow
Jan
135
60
+75
Feb
23
55
-32
32
Mar
27
80
-53
85
Apr
21
102
-81
166
May
15
100
-85
251
Jun
40
121
-81
332
Jul
120
38
+82
82
Aug
185
30
+155
237
Sep
112
25
+87
324
Oct
87
59
+28
352
Nov
63
85
75
22
Monsoon-22
Semester, 2016-2017
27
Maximum cumulative deficit = 332 M m 3 (in
the month of June)
Storage required = 332 M m3
Cumulative excess flow indicates that the
reservoir shall be filled again in the month of
October.
Problem 3
Monthly flow rate in M m3 of a river are given
below. What would be the maximum storage
capacity when 85 m3/s of water is drawn at a
28
uniform rate for power generation? If the
reservoir capacity is fixed at 710 M m 3, what
uniform rate of withdrawal is possible?
Estimate also the percentage change in
generating capacity. A month may be
assumed
as of 30.4 days.
Mont Ja Fe Ma Ap Ma Ju Jul Au Se Oc No De
h
Inflow 29
(M
0
m3)
23
7
164 13
2
79
66
17
1
58
0
79
0
49
7
30
3
29
0
Monthly demand = 85 30.4 24 60

60 = 223 M m3
29
Mont Inflo
h
w
Dema
nd
Jan
290
Feb
Deficit
Cumulati
ve
Deficit
Exce
ss
Cumulati
ve
Excess
223
67
67
237
223
14
81
Mar
164
223
59
59
Apr
132
223
91
150
May
79
223
144
294
Jun
66
223
157
451
Jul
171
223
52
503
Aug
580
223
357
357
Sep
790
223
567
924
Oct
497
223
274
1198
Nov
303
223
80
1278
Dec
290
223
67
1345
30
Reservoir
capacity = 503 M m3
If the reservoir capacity is fixed at 710
M m 3,
monthly release from the reservoir =
101 m3/s (from Mass Curve Method)
Percentage increase in generation
capacity =
Reservoir shall be full in September.
31
Determination of Reservoir Capacity
Area Capacity Curves
Volume of Storage
Contour Area Interval Method
The capacity between successive unit
elevations is worked out arithmetically
by taking the average submergence
area and multiplying by unit height.
32
Cone
Formula
A1 = area of one contour
A2 = area of another contour
H = contour interval
Modified Prismoidal Formula
33
Vs = capacity between middle and top
contours
H = contour interval between A and B
contours
A = area of bottom contour
B = area of middle contour
C = area of top contour
Vy = capacity between middle and
bottom contour determined by other
34
Average
End Area Length Method

V = capacity at elevation X between
two successive range lines
A1, A2 = areas of successive cross
sections at elevation X
L = distance between range lines
35
Trap
Efficiency
Reservoir sedimentation is measured in terms
of trap efficiency.
It
depends
upon
the
sediment
load
characteristics and detention time of inflow,
method of reservoir operation, and age of
reservoir.
Curve Capacity Inflow Ratio Vs Sediment
Trapped
36
Reservoir Sedimentation
Sediment Suspended load and bed
load
When river water reaches reservoir,
its velocity and turbulence are
reduced.
The
bed
load
generally
gets
deposited along thaw leg or prereservoir course.
The suspended solids take long time
37
Adverse Effects of Sedimentation
Reduction in active storage capacity
Reduction in firm water and power supply
May block outlet intakes, hampering
operation of gates
Increased passage of silt in irrigation
canal and power house
Increase in flood level up stream more
submergence formation of marshy land
38
River regime at the entry of reservoir
is affected.
Delta formation and braided river
pattern
Hump formation with large sediment
deposits
Increased turbidity
Deterioration of water quality
Sedimentation 4.75 to 14.25 ha-m
annually per 100 km2
39
Provision for sedimentation 0.1 to 0.2 ha-m/
year/ km2 for entire economic life of reservoir
Estimating Silt Load in to a Reservoir
Silt Sampling Method Indirect method
measurement of inflow and outflow with
sediment sampling
Suspended silt load sampling at 0.6 depth
Difference in sediment inflow and outflow silt
deposited in reservoir during that period
weight of silt volume of silt
40
Capacity Survey Method Direct
method range line method and
contour method ranges along main
river and cross sections
Control of Sediment Deposition
By operation of gates and other
outlets in the dam
Watershed erosion control measures
preventing
or
delaying
the
movement of silt
41
Watershed management and afforestation
besides
erosion
control
and
soil
conservation measures re-grassing, grass
land cultivation process, gully control, wild
life
protection,
reservoir
shore
line
protection, highway and railway line
erosion control
Removal of Silt Deposits
By excavation, dredging, sluicing with
hydraulic and mechanical agitation
42
Dredging expensive
Sluicing with hydraulic and
mechanical agitation possible in
small reservoirs
Life of Reservoir
The period during which total or a
specified fraction of active capacity is
lost.
Earlier concept first dead storage
gets silted up then live storage
43
Actually the process of sedimentation of
reservoir takes place in a portion of live
storage, as heavier material begins to
deposit on impinging reservoir backwater.
CWC minimum drawdown level a little
above the zero elevation which is likely to
develop after 100 years
100 years of life dead storage is equal
to volume of silt deposition
44
Full service time Full service time for
irrigation should not be less than 50 years.
Economic life The benefits likely to
accrue in further operations not
favourable as per economic criteria
Reservoir Evaporation Losses
Evaporation Loss In the absence of
observed data from nearby reservoirs, the
data provided in tables may be used.
45
Evaporation in hot months is 2 to 5 times evaporation
in winter.
Generally, evaporation loss per annum is 150 to 200
cm depth of stored water.
Extreme values 350 cm for Rajasthan and 50 cm for
Jammu and Kashmir
Watershed Management
It includes soil conservation, afforestation, moderating
floods, reducing sediment discharge, maintenance and
enhancement of ecology and land productivity.
Three level of approaches state, regional, and farm
level
46
Benefits
Reduction in runoff and damaging floods, quality
management of land resources of soil, water,
and vegetation for sustained availability and
development, maintenance and improvement of
water quality, soil fertility, conservation and
improvement
of
agricultural
production,
prolonging life of storage reservoirs by reduction
in sediment inflow, wildlife and forest protection,
improvement in environment, restoration and
vegetation of seriously eroded areas
47
Problem 4
Work out life of a reservoir before its
capacity is reduced to 20 % of the initial
capacity from the following data.
Catchment area 1000 km2
Reservoir capacity 10,000 ha-m
Average annual flow 15 cm of runoff
Average annual sediment inflow 0.36 M
tonnes
48

= 15000 ha-m
Assuming density of sediment deposit = 1.2
g/ cm3
49
Capac
ity
(in %)
Capac
ity
(in
Vol)
Trap
Efficie
ncy
Av
Trap
Efficie
ncy
Annu
al
Sedi
ment
ation
Loss
of
Capac
ity
No. of
Years
100
10,000
0.67
98
80
8000
0.53
96
97
29.1
2000
69
60
6000
0.40
94
95
28.5
2000
70
40
4000
0.27
90
92
27.6
2000
72
20
2000
0.13
84
87
26.1
2000
77
Life of Reservoir =
288
yrs
50

Dwpe 1

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Dwpe 1

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

CE - 8011

Dam and Water Power Engineering

Prof. Anand Kr. Sinha

Monsoon Semester, 2016-2017

Dam and Water Power

Dam and Water Power

Dam and Water Power

Monsoon Semester, 2016-2017

Monsoon Semester, 2016-2017

Monsoon Semester, 2016-2017

11. 11. 7.7 2.8

102 100 121 38

120 185 112 87

Maximum cumulative deficit = Storage

Monthly demand = 85 30.4 24 60

Monsoon Semester, 2016-2017

Monsoon Semester, 2016-2017

End Area Length Method

Monsoon Semester, 2016-2017

Monsoon Semester, 2016-2017

Вам также может понравиться