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Nadia Hasan
Some basics
Independence on August 14, 1947
East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West
Pakistan
4 provinces: Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, NWFP
3 territories: Azad Kashmir, Federally
Administered Tribal Areas, and Gilgit-Baltistan
National language is Urdu - but most people
speak Punjabi (60-70%)
Basis of Unity
Recap: Partition
What were the circumstances around
Partition?
What were the justifications for
establishing a Pakistani state?
Basis of Unity
Basis of unity for the Pakistani nation-state: Muslims are
a nation according to any definition of a nation, and they
must have their homelands, their territory, and their
state. (Jinnah, 1940)
We are starting with this fundamental principle that we
are all citizens and equals of one StateI think we
should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will
find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be
Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in
the religious sensebut in the political sense as citizens
of the State (Jinnah, 1947)
Basis of Unity
3 constitutions since independence (1956,
1962, 1973) each reiterating the
importance of Islam
The last iteration (1973) of the constitution
came after the cessation of East Pakistan
(now Bangladesh) in 1971
Women in Pakistan
Zia-ul-Haqs Islamization policies had
detrimental effects for women especially
through a set of law called the Hudood
Ordinances
A vocal and vociferous womens
movement emerged during Zias rule
Womens movement in Pakistan
struggling to articulate a balance between
Islam and secularism
Religious Minorities
Ahmadiyyas (1984 law proclaiming
Ahmadiyyas non-Muslim)
Sikhs
Hindus
Christians
Economic Minorities
There are overlaps with religious minorities
But the greatest discrepancy can be seen along
provincial lines, which also translates to ethnic lines
Punjab is largest and wealthiest province, also has
largest presence in the military
Karachi, a port city, is a commercial hub, also
dominated by Mohajirs i.e. non-Punjabi migrants
from different parts of India during partition
Economic alienation of NWFP and Balochistan
and also Sindh (exception of Karachi)
Opposition to military
The military has been met with opposition
from other political parties
But many of the same parties have often
worked in tandem with the military to
secure their power
The times where political parties have
emerged in opposition to the military is
connected to the degree of economic
marginalization in the country
Opposition to military
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Pakistan Peoples Party)
took power in 1971 in the context of unrest in
rural areas, including rural Punjab
Roti, kapra, aur makaan - bread, clothes, and
shelter
(1971-1977) Glimmer of democracy
Bhutto legacy (dynasty) is very strong but is
also often romanticized (ex. treatment mohajirs)
Post-Zia - constitutional coups