INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Integrated circuits

Brief History

1940S Initial stage.

1945s Bell labs established a group to develop a

semiconductor replacement for vacuum tubes.

1947s Transistor invented.

1951s Junction transistors invented.

1958s Integrated circuits invented.

Scale of integration

Small scale integration (SSI)

Medium scale integration (MSI)

Large scale integration (LSI)

Very large scale integration (VLSI)

Ultra large scale integration (ULSI)

Wafer scale integration (WSI)

System on a chip (SOC)

3D ICs

Types of ICs

Analog ICs

Digital ICs

Mixed signal ICs

IC fabrication techniques:
Diffusion and ion implantation
Oxidation and film deposition
Epitaxial growth
Lithography
Etching
Photo resist
Deposition

Advantages

Small size

Low weight

Easy replacement

High speed

High temperature tolerance

Disadvantages

Lack of flexibility

High power requirements

Applications

Automobiles

Appliances

computers

Conclusion

Modern computing, communication,

manufacturing and transport system
including the internet, all depends on the
existence of integrated circuits.