Technical Talk on CAD

Kurian Antony
M.E Cad/Cam
just4kurian@gmail.com
GEOMETRIC MODEL

 Wireframe Model
 Surface Model

 Solid Model
Wireframe Model
 A wireframe model of an object is the simplest, geometric
model that can be used to represent it mathematically in the
computer .It is sometimes referred to as a stick figure or an
edge representation of the object.

 A wire frame model is a visual presentation of a three

dimensional or physical object used in 3D computer graphics
It is created by specifying each edge of the physical object
where two mathematically continuous smooth surfaces meet,
or by connecting an object's constituent vertices using straight
lines or curves. The object is projected onto the computer
screen by drawing lines at the location of each edge.
 Using a wire frame model allows visualization of the
underlying design structure of a 3D model. Traditional 2-
dimensional views and drawings can be created by
appropriate rotation of the object and selection of hidden line
removal via cutting planes.
Wireframe models
Wireframe Entities
 Points
 Lines
 Arcs
 Circles
 Fillets
 Chamfers
 Ellipse
 Parabolas
 Hyperbolas
 Cubic spline
 B-spline
 Bezier curves
Lines
 A line connecting two points p1 and p2 .A parameter u such that at p1 u
has the value 0 and at p2 ,u value is 1.

 Utilizing the triangle OPP1 equation can be written as:

P=P1+(P-P1)

 The vector (P-P1) is proportional to the vector P2-P1

P-P1=u(P2-P1)

 Equation of line becomes

P=P1+u(P2-P1), 0<u<1

 Scalar form ,this equation can be written

 x=x1+u(x2-x1)

 y=y1+u(y2-y1) 0<u<1

 z=z1+u(z2-z1)
 y
P1 P P2-P1 P2
U=0 U=1

o x

z
Surface Model
 A surface model of an object is a more complete and less
ambiguous representation than its wireframe model . It is also
richer in its associated geometric contents which makes it
more suitable for engineering and design applications. A
surface model can be used , for example , to drive the cutter
of a machine tool while a wireframe model cannot

 Surface modeling has been developing rapidly due to the

shortcomings and in conviences of wireframes modelling .
The former is considered an extension of the latter. In general
a wireframe model can be extracted from a surface model by
deleting or blanking all surface entities .
Surface Entities
 Two Types

 Analytic Surface Entities

 Synthetic Surface Entities

Analytic Entities
 Plane Surface
It is the simplest surface .It requires three non coincident points to define an
infinite plane

 Ruled (lofted) Surface

Linear surface. It interpolates linearly between two boundary curves that
define the surface rails

 Surface of Revolution
This is an axisymmetric surface that can model axisymmetric object

 Tabulated Cylinder
Is a surface generated by translating a planar curve a certain distance along a
specified direction .The plane of the curve is perpendicular to the axis of the
cylinder.
Synthetic Entities
 Bezier surface
It does not pass through all given data points. It is a general surface
that permits , twists , and kinks. The Bezier surface allows only global
control of the surface.
 B- spline surface
This is a surface that can approximate or interpolate given input
data. General surface like the Bezier surface but with advantage of
permitting local control of the surface.
 Coons patch
The above surfaces are used with either open boundaries or given
data points. The Coons patch is used to create a surface curves that
form closed boundaries.
 Fillet Surface
This is a B-spline surface that blends two surface together The two orginal
surfaces may or may not be trimmed.
 Offset Surface
Existing surfaces can be offset to create new ones identical in shape but may
have different dimensions . It is a useful surface to use to speed up surface
construction.
Solid Model
 Solid modelling has been acknowledged as the technological
solution to automation and integrating design and
manufacturing functions.Indeed the complete definition of part
shape (geometry and topology) through solids models has
been called a key to CIM

 A solid model of an object is a more complete representation

than its surface model .It is unique from the latter in the
topological information it stores which potentially permits
functional automation and integration
 Defining an object with a solid model is the easiest of the
available three modeling techniques (curves ,surfaces and
solids). Solid models can be quickly created without having to
define individual locations as with wireframes.In many cases,
solid models are easier to build than wireframe or surface
models .For example , representing the intersection of two
cylinders using wireframe, modelling is not possible.

 Primary uses of solid modeling are for CAD, engineering

analysis, computer graphics and animation, rapid prototyping,
medical testing, product visualization and visualization of
scientific research.
 Solid modeling software originally used either constructive
solid geometry (CSG) or Boundary representation (B-REP)
techniques to define solid shapes. Beginning in the late
1980s, software developers began applying higher-levels of
abstraction to solid modeling construction techiques. The first
of these techniques, called parametric feature-based solid-
modelling, was introduced in commercial software by
Parametric Technology Corporation in September 1987.
These approaches made solid-modeling software easier to
use and increased its acceptance among mechanical
engineers
B-rep
 B-rep is used to create solid models of physical objects .A B-
rep model or boundary model is based on the topological
notion that a physical object is bounded by a set of faces
.These faces are regions or subsets of closed and orient able
surfaces. A closed surface is one that is continuous with out
breaks. Type of operation used in B-rep is Euler’s operation.
Euler operators provide designers with drafting functionality.

 Euler operations are used to create, manipulate, and edit the

faces, edges, and vertices of a boundary model.
CONSTRUCTIVE SOLID GEOMETRY

 CSG is most popular because they are best understood

representation scheme.
 Easy to create and store , easy to check for validity
 A CSG model is based on the topological notion that a
physical object can be divided into a set of primitives that can
be combined in a certain order following a set of rules
(Boolean operations) to form the object .
 The main building operations in CSG schemes are achieved
by set operators
 Operators are union , intersection , and differerence
SPLINE

 The term "spline" is used to refer to a wide class of functions that

are used in applications requiring data interpolation and/or
smoothing. The data may be either one-dimensional or multi-
dimensional. Spline functions for interpolation are normally
determined as the minimizes of suitable measures of roughness
(for example integral squared curvature) subject to the
interpolation constraints.

 Smoothing splines may be viewed as generalizations of

interpolation splines where the functions are determined to
minimize a weighted combination of the average squared
approximation error over observed data and the roughness
measure.
Contd……

 Splines are popular curves in these subfields because of the

simplicity of their construction, their ease and accuracy of
evaluation, and their capacity to approximate complex shapes
through curve fitting and interactive curve design.
B-SPLINE
 In the mathematical subfield of numerical analysis, a B-spline
is a spline function that has minimal support with respect to a
given degree, smoothness, and domain partition. A
fundamental theorem states that every spline function of a
given degree, smoothness, and domain partition, can be
represented as a linear combination of B-splines of that same
degree and smoothness, and over that same partition. The
term B-spline was coined by Isaac Jacob Schoenberg and is
short for basis spline. B-splines can be evaluated in a
numerically stable way by the de Boor algorithm.