Project On Pressure Vessel

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
WELL-COME
TO OUR PRESENTATION
12/25/16
Design of pressure vessel
by Group 3
Section one 1
PROJECT ON: PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

PREPARED BY : NETWORK THREE
NAME
SECTION
IDNO
1. ETAY HAILU .........................................................RET0457/06

2. KIROS G/MEDHIN................................................RET0937/06
3. LETU DESALEGN.................................................RET0969/06
4. LICHIYA ALEM.....................................................RET0971/06
ONE
5. MERESA HILUF....................................................RET1083/06
ONE
ONE
ONE
6.ZERAY G/SLASSIE....................................RET1703/06
ONE
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by Group 3
Section one
ONE
CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION
2.LITERATURE REVIEW
3.MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY
4.RESULT AND DECISION
5.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
12/25/16 Design of pressure vessel
by Group 3
Section one
INTRODUCTIO
1.1 BACK GROUND N
Chemical engineering involves, on the conversion
of one material into another by chemical or
physical means.
Large pressure vessels were invented during
industrial revolution .
pressure vessel use to handle liquids and gases
under pressure.
Pressure vessels are design in accordance with
standard code such as ASME and British standards.
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Section one
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Vessel failures can be grouped into 3 major categories,
which describe why a vessel failure occurs.
Material- Improper selection of material; defects in

material.
Design- Incorrect design data; inaccurate or incorrect
de-sign methods; inadequate shop testing.
Fabrication- Poor quality control; improper or insufficient
fabrication procedures including welding.
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1.3 OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 General Objectives

The general objective of this report is to design a
vertical pressure vessel.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives

a) To determine cylindrical section of pressure vessels plate
thickness.
b) To select and determine the plate thickness of end heads.
c) Compensation of opening on the pressure vessel.
d) To design the skirt support of the pressure vessel.
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Section one
Contd
e) To design base ring of the pressure vessel.
f) Finally to draw the pressure vessel using
AUTOCAD software
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Section one
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The reasoning that established the most likely mode of damage or
failure.
The selection of pressure vessel orientation.
The selection of pressure vessel end closers.
The selection of suitable flanges.
The selection of suitable pressure vessel support.
The method of stress analysis employed and significance of results.
The selection of materials type and its environmental behavior.
Understanding the application of the pressure vessel in different
industry.
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Section one
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 DESIGN
Design is a creative activity, and as such can be one of the
most rewarding and satisfying activities undertaken by an
engineer.
General procedure of design a product
1. Objective of the design
2. Data collection and physical properties design
methods
3. Generation of possible design
4. Selection and evaluation
5. Final design
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Section one
2.2 PRESSURE VESSEL

The term pressure vessel referred to those reservoirs
or containers, which are subjected to internal or
external pressure.
Major uses of pressure vessels are :

Use in steam boilers.
Use in storage of chemical in chemical plants.
Use in storage of petroleum products (petrol, diesel etc.)
Types of Pressure Vessels

A. According to the end construction
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10
Contd
1. OPEN END
2.
CLOSED END.
B. Pressure vessels according to dimensions:

1. THIN SHELL
2. THICK SHELL
Vessel Orientation
1. Horizontal
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2. Vertical
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Types of head Ends

1. Torispherical
1. 3. Hemispherical
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2. Semi-Ellipsoidal (2:1)
4. Flat
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Support for Pressure Vessel

Various types of support that used to support the pressure vessel
are as follows:
1.Saddle Support
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2. Skirt Support
3.leg support
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4. Lug Support
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13
Design Parameter of Pressure Vessel

The following are design parameters of pressure vessel
I. Material selection
II. Design pressure
III.Design temperature
IV.Allowable stress
V. Welded joint efciency, and construction categories
VI.Corrosion allowance
VII.Design loads
VIII.Minimum practical wall thickness
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Factors Considered in Designing Pressure Vessels

1. Dimensions-Diameter, length and their limitations.
2. Operating conditions Pressure and temperature.
3. Economic consideration.
4. Corrosive nature of reactants and products.
5. Theories of failure.
6. Types of construction i.e. forged, welded or casted.
7. Method of Fabrication.
8. Fatigue, Brittle failure and Creep.
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3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 MATERIALS
Materials that used to design this project
are:
Stainless steel vessel, unsterilized (304).
Stainless steel nozzle, unsterilized (304).
Carbon Steel skirt support, silicon killed.
50 sieve plates.
Access ladder with plat form.
Insulation mineral wool.
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3.2 ASSUMPTIONS
No significant loading from piping and external
equipment.
Plates and plate supports design is negligible.
Material is double welded butt or equivalent and fully
radiographed.
Assume flanges are standard flanges.
Earth quake loading need not be considered
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Section one17
3.3 METHODOLOGY
3.3.1 Design Specifications
The design specification of a sieve plate column is given below.
1.Column Specification
Properties
Specifications
Length of cylindrical section, 37 m
L
Internal diameter, Di
1.5 m
Heads
Standard ellipsoidal
Number of sieve plates, n
50
Design temperature, T
150 0C
Design pressure, Pi
1200 KN/m2
Corrosion allowance, C
2 mm
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2.Nozzles Specification
Properties Specifications
Feed
At mid-point
Vapor out At 0.7 m
cylindrical
Section
Bottom
Product
50 mm inside diameter
below
top
At Centre of vessel head

At 1.0 m below top
cylindrical section
of
of 50 mm inside diameter
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3. Other sieve plate column specification

Properties
Specifications
Diameter of Access ports

(manhole)
0.6 m
Height of support skirt

Thickness of insulation
2.5 m
50 mm thick
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At 1.0 m above the

bottom
At 1.5 m below the
top of the
Column
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3.4 Design Procedure Steps

Step 1: Determine the minimum column wall thickness of cylinder.
Step 2: Select and size the vessel end heads.
Step 3: Determine design loads on the vessel.
Step 4:Stress Analysis
Step 4: Design of nozzle reinforcement.
Step 6:Selection of Standard Flanges
Step 7:Design of Skirt Support
Step 8:Deisgn of base ring and anchor bolt design
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3.4.1
Column Thickness Wall
Step 1: Determine the minimum column wall thickness of cylinder that

withstand to the internal pressure.
Where,
e = minimum plate thickness (mm)
Pi = design pressure (N/mm2)
Di = internal diameter (mm)
J = joint efficient factor f = maximum allowable working or design stress
(N/mm2)
C = corrosion allowance (mm)
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3.4.2 Selection and Sizing of Vessel Heads

Step 1: Select and size the vessel ends, using Torispherical and ellipsoidal
heads.
Torispherical head:
Where,
CS = Stress concentration factor for Torispherical Heads
Rc=crown radius
Rk= knuckle radius
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Contd
Ellipsoidal
head:
From the calculated thickness of both heads , Ellipsoidal head with

smaller thickness compared to the torispherical head is chosen to satisfy
the specifications mentioned earlier. However, there were also other
factors considered when chosen the vessel head. Essentially, the best
vessel head should be able to withstand maximum stress with the least
materials and economically feasible .
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3.4.3 Design Loads

Step 1: Determine dead weight of the vessel
Where,
Wv = Total weight of the shell.
Cv = A factor to account for the weight of nozzles, manways, internal supports
Dm = Mean Diameter,
Hv = Length of cylindrical section,
tave = Mean wall thickness,
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Step
2: Determine dead weight of the plate.
Since vessel is filled with 50 sieve plates with the same diameter as
the column, which will cause additional weight to the vessel. The
weight of the plate is given by:
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Step 3: Calculate the dead weight of insulation
The weight of the insulation given by the following equation,
10-3
Where,
Weight of the insulation material, KN
Density of insulation materials, kg/m3=130 kg/m3
Volume of the insulation materials m3
=Gravitational Force, m/s
Minimum insulation thickness
At the last the weight of insulation is double in order to allowance
of attachment fittings, sealing and moisture absorption.
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Step 4. Calculate the total dead weight

Total weight = Wv+Wp+WI
Where, Wv=weight of the vessel
Wp=weight of the plate
WI=weight of the insulation
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3.4.4
Wind Loading
Step 1: Determine wind loading per length.

The wind loading per length can be expressed by,
10-3+ 0.4
Where,
= Wind loading per length (N/m)
=Wind Pressure(N/m2)
= Effective column diameter (m)
= Diameter of the vessel (m)
= Mean thickness of column (mm)
= Minimum insulation thickness (mm)
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Step
2: Determine the bending moment, Mx.
The bending moment, Mx can be calculated using the formula given

below.
Where,
= Bending moment (Nm)
= Length of cylindrical section (m)
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3.4.5 Stress Analysis

Step 1: Determine the longitudinal and circumferential stress at the bottom tangent
line due to pressure.
Where,
=Longitudinal stress, N/ mm2
= Circumferential stress, N/ mm2
=Internal diameter, mm
=Wall thickness at the bottom tangent line, mm
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Step
2: Determine the dead weight direct stress.
The dead weight stress can be calculated by,

Where,
= Total Dead weight of empty vessel, KN
= Direct stress, N/ mm2
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Step
3: Determine the bending stress.
The bending stress due to bending moment is given by,
Where,
= Bending stress (N/mm2)
=Second moment of area (mm4)
=Outer Diameter, mm
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Step
4: Determine the resultant longitudinal stress.
The resultant longitudinal stress can be calculated as follow.

is compressive therefore it is negative.
Step
5: Check its satisfactory design and elastic stability (buckling). If

the greater difference in downwind stress or upwind stress is much more
less than the maximum allowable stress, f = 130 this design with metal
thickness is okay and satisfactory.
Critical buckling stress can be calculated as:
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3.4.6 Reinforcement of Openings and Required Area of

Reinforcement
Access Port (or Manhole):
For design of internal pressure, the total cross-sectional area of
reinforcement A required in any given plane through the opening for a
shell or formed head under internal pressure shall not be less than
A=dtrF +2tntrF(1-fr1)
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To determine
whether additional reinforcement is necessary for the

manhole, the actual area
available for reinforcement must be calculated and compare with the
area required for
reinforcement. The following condition must be satisfied if no
additional reinforcement is required:
Check that, Where, A1+A2+A3+A41+A43
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3.4.7 selection of Standard Flanges
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3.4.8 Mechanical Design for Skirt Support

Dead
weight stress for the test and operating conditions
Approximate weight =
Total weight = wv + Approximate weight
For test condition,:
Formula given by,
Where,
Dead weight stress in the skirt for test condition
Total weight of the vessel with contents (water).
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For operating condition, :

The formula given by,
Where,
Dead weight stress in the skirt for operating condition
Total dead weight of vessel with heads
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Resultant
bending stress in the skirt.
For maximum:
For minimum:
Design criteria
If given the worst combination of both wind and dead-weight loading, the
skirt thickness should not exceed that of its design criteria, as shown below
From the specification table,
155 N/mm2
E = Youngs modulus =200,000 N/mm2
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For
the maximum:
Given the formula,

For minimum:
Given the formula,
New skirt thickness, ts: ts= (Old thickness of the skirt) + (Corrosion
allowance)
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3.4.9 Base ring/flange and anchor bolt design

For DS = 1.5 m
Determine the number of bolts required, N bolts
Number of bolts required N bolts given by the formula:
Where;
Ds = Internal column diameter = 1.5 m
Dp = Pitch circle diameter = Ds + (10% Ds)
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Bolt
area, Ab
The required bolt area, A given by the formula:

Where,
Number of bolts required = 12 Bolts
Bolt design stress = 125 N/mm2
Bending moment in skirt
Pitch circle diameter = 1.6 5m = 1,650 mm
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Bolt
root diameter, Dbolt
The bolt root diameter given by the formula:
Total compressive load on each base ring per unit length, Fbolt.
Where,Total dead weight of vessel with heads ,Bending moment in skirt
Internal column diameter
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Minimum
width of base ring, Lb.
Total compressive load on the base ring per unit length = 1,196.40N/mm
Maximum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation pad
bearing pressure 5 N/mm2
skirt base angle,.
Skirt base angle, (With Ds =2.5 m) given by,
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bolt
spacing
Bolt spacing given the formula:

Where,
Bolt circle diameter
Number of bolts
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New
required bolt area, Ab

Number of bolts required
Bolt circle diameter
Bolt design stress
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total
compressive load on each base ring per unit length, Fbolt.
Where,
Flared skirt bottom diameter
minimum width of base ring, Lb
Given the formula:
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actual
bearing pressure on the concrete foundation,
Given the formula:

Actual width =Lr + ts + ti
Where,
ts = Skirt thickness
ti = Insulation thickness
Fbolt = Total compressive load on the base ring per unit length
Lr =Distance from the edge of the skirt to the outer edge of the ring
base ring thickness, th
The base ring thickness given by the formula:
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4. RESULT AND DISCUTION

4.1 Cylindrical Shells
SL
NO
Name Thicknes
of
s
part
mm
shell
15
Internal Height
Diamet mm
er
mm
1500
37000
4.2 Ellipsoidal Heads

SL NO
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Name of Thicknes
part
s
mm
Internal Height
diamete mm
r
mm
Top head
1500
375
Bottom
head
1500
375
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50
4.3 Nozzles
SL
NO
Nozzle part
Diameter
mm
Vent
250
Man hole(M1/M2
600
Feed
50
Return reflux
50
Bottom product
50
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4.4 Nozzle Reinforcement

No need additional reinforcement for opening for our design.
4.5 Support
Skirt support is selected for this pressure vessel.
The thickness of the skirt support = 17mm.
Flared skirt bottom diameter =2500mm
Height of skirt support=2500mm
4.6 Anchor Bolts
Number of bolts required = 16
Bolt circle diameter obtained = 2650mm
Bolt size =70(BS 4190:1967).
4.7 Base Ring
width of base ring =245mm
Distance from the edge of the skirt to the outer edge of the ring = 178 mm
base ring thickness=32mm
Number of chair=16
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Pressure vessel drawing
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5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMEDATIONS

5.1 CONCLUSION
The column is successfully designed so that it withstand all the
mechanical stresses acting on it.
The column is analyzed under various conditions of operation. The
column also withstand the internal pressure of fluid at working
conditions.
The various forces analyzed are pressure exerted by gas on the shell,
weight of the fluid, and wind force.
The stresses in above-mentioned conditions are found out and
thickness of various parts is selected such that the stresses produced
in each member are with in the maximum allowable range.
All the selected have been successfully verified and hence the design
of column is safe
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5.2 RECOMMEDATION
Based on this project we recommended that:
Selection of a suitable material must take into account the
suitability of the material for fabrication.
primary consideration, is necessary during pressure vessel design,
especially for nuclear reactor vessels, due the potential impact of a
possible accident.
The temperature must to be corresponds to the design pressure.
The pressure vessels should be selected as a cylindrical with
ellipsoidal domed end.
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by Group 3
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THANK YOU!!!
12/25/16
by Group 3
Section one
56

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Design of pressure vessel