A Presentation on an industrial

training taken at CTTCKolkata(BSNL)

Presented by:-

Dhrubajyoti Adak

INTRODUCTION

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) was formed in the year

of 2000 to took over the service providers role from DOT.

Today BSNL has customer base over 9 crores.

It is the fourth largest telecom operator in India.

BSNL is the market leader in broadband, landline and

national transmission network.

BSNL is the only operator covering 5 lakh villages in the

country.

The area of operation of BSNL is all India except Delhi and

Mumbai.

INDEX

Introduction

History

Signal multiplexing Techniques

PCM

OFC

SDH

GSM

CDMA

Broadband DSL Technology

IP fundamentals

Intelligent networks

ISDN

HISTORY

In 1885 the Indian Telegraph Act has been amended in which

the country is divided into various circles.

In 1984 C-DOT was formed for developing of indigenous

technologies and customer service premises equipment.

In 1986 the VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited) and MTNL

(Mahanagar Telecom Nigam Limited) were set up. The telecom
commission was established in 1989.

TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) was formed in

1997 to assure the investors that the sector would be
regulated in a balance fair manner.

In 2000 DOT corporatized its services wings and created BSNL.

MULTIPLEXING OF SIGNALS

FDM:- The FDM techniques is the process of translating individual

speech circuits (300-3400 Hz) into pre-assigned frequency slots
within the bandwidth of the transmission medium. The frequency
translation is done by amplitude modulation of the audio
frequency with an appropriate carrier frequency. At the output of
the modulator a filter network is connected to select either a lower
or an upper side band. Since the intelligence is carried in either
side band, single side band suppressed carrier mode of AM is used.

TDM:- Basically, time division multiplexing involves nothing more

than sharing a transmission medium by a number of circuits in
time domain by establishing a sequence of time slots during which
individual channels (circuits) can be transmitted. Thus the entire
bandwidth is periodically available to each channel. Normally all
time slots1 are equal in length. Each channel is assigned a time
slot with a specific common repetition period called a frame
interval.

PCM PRINCIPLE

PCM systems use TDM technique to provide a number of circuits on

the same transmission medium viz open wire or underground cable
pair or a channel provided by carrier, coaxial, microwave or
satellite system.

To devolve a PCM system few steps are required- Filtering,

Sampling, Quantization, Encoding, Line Coding.

Filtering:- Filters are used to limit the signal between 300-3400Hz.

Sampling:- The amplitude of the sample is depend upon the

amplitude of the input signal at the instant of sampling. The
duration of these sampled pulses is equal to the duration for which
the switch S is closed.

Quantization:- Quantization can be defined as a process of

breaking down a continuous amplitude range into a finite number
of amplitude values or steps.

OPTICAL FIBRE
Optical Fibre is new medium, in which information (voice, Data
or Video) is transmitted through a glass or plastic fibre, in the
form of light, following the transmission sequence give below :

(1)

Information is encoded into electrical signals.

(2)

Electrical signals are converted into light signals.

(3)

Light travels down the fibre.

(4) A detector changes the light signals into electrical

signals.

(5)

Electrical signals are decoded into information.

ADVANTAGES OF OFC

Optical fibers are dielectric.

It is immune to electromagnetic interference.

It has larger bandwidth.

Loss is low and same at all operating speeds.

These are small light weight cables.

Cause it is dielectric it cannot cause fire.

PROPAGATION OF LIGHT THROUGH OFC

The optical fiber has two concentric layers called the core and the
cladding. The inner core is the light carrying part. The surrounding
cladding provides the difference refractive index that allows total
internal reflection of light through the core. The index of the
cladding is less than 1%, lower than that of the core. Typical values
for example are a core refractive index of 1.47 and a cladding
index of 1.46. Fiber manufacturers control this difference to obtain
desired optical fiber characteristics.

The specific characteristics of light propagation through a fiber

depends on many factors, including
The size of the fiber.
The composition of the fiber.
The light injected into the fiber.

SYNCHRONUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY

SDH is a standard technology for

synchronous data transmission on optical
media. It is the international equipment
of optical network. This technology
provides faster and less expensive
network interconnection than traditional
PDH (plesiochronous digital hierarchy).
SDH uses the following synchronous
transport modules (STM) and rates, STM1(155 megabits per second), STM2(622Mbps) and STM-64(10gbps).

PRINCIPLES OF SDH

SDH defines a number of Containers, each corresponding to an

existing plesiochronous rate.
Each container has a Path Overhead added to it. POH provides
network management capability.
All equipment is synchronised to a national clock.
When STM1 payload is full, more network management capability
is added to form the Section Overhead.
SOH remains with payload for the fibre section between
synchronous multiplexers
SOH bytes provide communication channels to cater for OA&M
facilities.
user channels.
protection switching.
section performance
frame alignment
other functions.

GSM

Global System for mobile is a second generation

cellular standard developed to cater voice services
and data delivery using digital modulation.

GSM Services: Tele Services:- includes mobile phones,

emergency calling etc.
DATA services:- includes SMS, fax, voicemail,
electronic mail.
Supplementary services:- I/C & O/G calls, Call
forwarding, call waiting, conference, hand off etc.

GSM ARCHITECHTURE

CALL PROCESSING IN GSM

1 MS sends dialed number
to BSS.
2 BSS sends dialed number
to MSC.
3,4 MSC checks VLR if MSC
allows the service. If so ,
MSC asks BSS to allocate
the call.
5 MSC routes the call to
GMSC
6 GMSC routes the call to
local exchange of called
user.
7,8,9,10 Answer back or
ring back tone is routed

CDMA

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a

standard digital air interface claiming 8 to 15
times the capacity of analog.

Multiple access in CDMA: Each users is assigned a unique PN code.

Each users transmit with information by
spreading with unique code
Spread spectrum technology is used.
Users are separated by codes not by time or
frequency slots.

CDMA ARCHITECHTURE

BROARBAND DSL TECHNOLOGY

Broadband DSL allows digital data to be

transferred through copper telephone wires. This
does not interfere with the telephone service itself
as the data is transmitted at a higher frequency
than a voice pone call.

This technology transmits signals to a computer

over short-range radio waves. No wiring is
required.

DSL ARCHITECHTURE

INTERNET PROTOCOL

Internet protocol(IP) specifies the format of the

packets, and the addressing scheme. Most networks
combine IP with higher level protocol called
Transmission Control Protocol(TCP), which establishes
a virtual connection between a destination and a
source.

It allows us to address a package and drop it in the

system, but there is no direct link between the
recipent and the sender.

TCP/IP, on the other hand establishes a connection

between two hosts so the can send messages back
and forth for a period of time.

CONSTRUCTION OF IP

Each IP address has two components

Header
Payload

INTELLIGENT NETWORKS

Intelligent Network is one concept to specify

telecom services, and it has emerged from
technical, buisness and protocol engineering point
of view.

Intelligent networks are used by teleoperators for

creation and management of value added services
in telecom networks.

Originally, IN has been applied in telephone and

voice services, but today its meaning is also
growing in the service integration of mobile and
fixed telephone networks and as gateway to
internet based networks.

IN ARCHITECHTURE

ISDN

Integrated Services Digital Network(ISDN) is a set of

communication standards for simultaneousdigital
transmission of voice, video, data, and other network
services over the traditional circuits of thePSTN.

It provides a faster data transmission rate than

modems by using 64-kbps bearer channel. And also
offers faster call set-up.

ISDN consists of some devices

Terminal Adapter(TA)
Terminal Equipment Type 1(TE1)
Terminal Equipment Type 2(TE2)
Network Termination type 1 & 2(NT1 and NT2)

ISDN ARCHITECHTURE

ISDN SERVCES

Basic Rate interface (BRI)

Two 64 kbps b channels, one 16 kbps D channel, and 48

kbps framing and synchronization.

Available data bandwidth: 128 kbps(2x64 kbps)
User bandwidth: 144 kbps(128 kbps + a 16kbps D
channel)
Total line capacity: 192 kbps(144 kbps + 48 kbps framing)
Each B channel can be used foe separate
applications
such as internet and voice
Allows individual B channels to be aggregated
together into a Multilink channel.