Chapter 03 - Single-Row Functions

3
Single-Row Functions
Copyright
Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should
be able to do the following:
Describe various types of functions
available in SQL
Use character, number, and date
functions in SELECT statements
Describe the use of conversion
functions
3-2
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SQL Functions
Input
Function
arg 1
arg 2
Function
performs action
Result
value
arg n
3-3
Copyright
Output
Two Types of SQL Functions
Functions
Single-row
functions
3-4
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Multiple-row
functions
Manipulate data items
Accept arguments and return one value
Act on each row returned
Return one result per row
May modify the datatype
Can be nested
function_name
function_name (column|expression,
(column|expression, [arg1,
[arg1, arg2,...])
arg2,...])
3-5
Copyright
Character
General
Single-row
functions
Conversion
3-6
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Number
Date
Character Functions
Character
functions
Case conversion
functions
LOWER
UPPER
INITCAP
3-7
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Character manipulation
functions
CONCAT
SUBSTR
LENGTH
INSTR
LPAD, RPAD
Trim
Ltrim, Rtrim
Replace
Case Conversion Functions

Convert case for character strings
Function
Result
LOWER('SQL Course') sql course

UPPER('SQL Course')
SQL COURSE
INITCAP('SQL Course') Sql Course
3-8
Copyright
Using Case Conversion Functions

Display the employee number, name, and
department number for employee Blake.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT
SELECT empno,
empno, ename,
ename, deptno
deptno
22 FROM
emp
FROM
emp
33 WHERE
ename
WHERE
ename == 'blake';
'blake';
no
no rows
rows selected
selected
SQL> SELECT
2 FROM
3 WHERE
EMPNO
EMPNO
----------------7698
7698
3-9
empno, ename, deptno

emp
LOWER(ename) = 'blake';
ENAME
DEPTNO
ENAME
DEPTNO
------------------- ----------------BLAKE
30
BLAKE
30
Copyright
Character Manipulation Functions

Manipulate character strings
Function
Result
CONCAT('Good', 'String') GoodString

SUBSTR('String',1,3)
Str
LENGTH('String')
INSTR('String', 'r')
LPAD(sal,10,'*')
******5000
Trim(S from SSMITH)
MITH
Replace(toy,y,let)
3-10
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Using the Character

Manipulation Functions
SQL> SELECT ename, CONCAT (ename, job), LENGTH(ename),
2
INSTR(ename, 'A')
3 FROM
emp
4 WHERE SUBSTR(job,1,5) = 'SALES';
ENAME
---------MARTIN
ALLEN
TURNER
WARD
3-11
CONCAT(ENAME,JOB)
LENGTH(ENAME) INSTR(ENAME,'A')
------------------- ------------- ---------------MARTINSALESMAN
6
2
ALLENSALESMAN
5
1
TURNERSALESMAN
6
0
WARDSALESMAN
4
2
Copyright
Number Functions
ROUND: Rounds value to specified
decimal
ROUND(45.926, 2) 45.93
TRUNC:Truncates value to specified
decimal
TRUNC(45.926, 2) 45.92
MOD: Returns remainder of division
MOD(1600, 300) 100

3-12
Copyright
Using the ROUND Function

SQL> SELECT ROUND(45.923,2), ROUND(45.923,0),
2
ROUND(45.923,-1)
3 FROM
DUAL;
ROUND(45.923,2) ROUND(45.923,0) ROUND(45.923,-1)

--------------- -------------- ----------------45.92
46
50
3-13
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Using the TRUNC Function
SQL> SELECT TRUNC(45.923,2), TRUNC(45.923),

2
TRUNC(45.923,-1)
3 FROM
DUAL;
TRUNC(45.923,2) TRUNC(45.923) TRUNC(45.923,-1)

--------------- ------------- --------------45.92
45
40
3-14
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Using the MOD Function

Calculate the remainder of the ratio of
salary to commission for all employees
whose job title is salesman.
SQL> SELECT
2 FROM
3 WHERE
ename, sal, comm, MOD(sal, comm)

emp
job = 'SALESMAN';
ENAME
SAL
COMM MOD(SAL,COMM)
---------- --------- --------- ------------MARTIN
1250
1400
1250
ALLEN
1600
300
100
TURNER
1500
0
1500
WARD
1250
500
250
3-15
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Working with Dates

Oracle stores dates in an internal
numeric format: century, year, month,
day, hours, minutes, seconds.
The default date format is DD-MON-YY.
SYSDATE is a function returning date
and time.
DUAL is a dummy table used to view
SYSDATE.
3-16
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Arithmetic with Dates

Add or subtract a number to or from a
date for a resultant date value.
Subtract two dates to find the number of
days between those dates.
Add hours to a date by dividing the
number of hours by 24.
3-17
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Using Arithmetic Operators

with Dates
SQL> SELECT ename, (SYSDATE-hiredate)/7 WEEKS
2 FROM
emp
3 WHERE deptno = 10;
ENAME
---------KING
CLARK
MILLER
3-18
WEEKS
--------830.93709
853.93709
821.36566
Copyright
Date Functions
3-19
Function
Description
MONTHS_BETWEEN
Number of months
between two dates
ADD_MONTHS
Add calendar months to

date
NEXT_DAY
Next day of the date

specified
LAST_DAY
Last day of the month
ROUND
Round date
TRUNC
Truncate date
Copyright
Using Date Functions

MONTHS_BETWEEN ('01-SEP-95','11-JAN-94')
19.6774194
ADD_MONTHS ('11-JAN-94',6)
'11-JUL-94'
NEXT_DAY ('01-SEP-95','FRIDAY')
'08-SEP-95'
LAST_DAY('01-SEP-95')
'30-SEP-95'
3-20
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Using Date Functions

Round(to_date(25-jul-05),month) 01-Aug-05
Round(to_date(25-jul-05),Year) 01-Jan-06
Trunc(to_date(25-jul-05),month) 01-Jul-05
Trunc(to_date(25-jul-05),year) 01-Jan-05
3-21
Copyright
3-22
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Conversion Functions
Datatype
conversion
Implicit datatype
conversion
3-23
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Explicit datatype
conversion
Implicit Datatype Conversion

For assignments, the Oracle can
automatically convert the following:
From
To
VARCHAR2 or CHAR
NUMBER
VARCHAR2 or CHAR
DATE
NUMBER
VARCHAR2
DATE
VARCHAR2
3-24
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Implicit Datatype Conversion

For expression evaluation, the Oracle Server
can automatically convert the following:
From
To
VARCHAR2 or CHAR
NUMBER
VARCHAR2 or CHAR
DATE
3-25
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Explicit Datatype Conversion

TO_NUMBER
NUMBER
CHARACTER
TO_CHAR
3-26
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TO_DATE
TO_CHAR
DATE
TO_CHAR Function with Dates

TO_CHAR(date,
TO_CHAR(date, 'fmt')
'fmt')
The format model:

Must be enclosed in single quotation marks
and is case sensitive
Can include any valid date format element
Has an fm element to remove padded blanks
or suppress leading zeros
Is separated from the date value by a
comma
3-27
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Elements of Date Format Model

YYYY
Full year in numbers
YEAR
Year spelled out
MM
Two-digit value for month
MONTH
Full name of the month
DY
Three-letter abbreviation of the

day of the week
DAY
Full name of the day
3-28
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Elements of Date Format Model

Time elements format the time portion of
the date.
HH24:MI:SS AM
15:45:32 PM
Add character strings by enclosing them

in double quotation marks.
DD "of" MONTH
12 of OCTOBER
Number suffixes spell out numbers.

ddspth
3-29
fourteenth
Copyright
Using TO_CHAR Function

with Dates
SQL> SELECT ename,
2
TO_CHAR(hiredate, 'fmDD Month YYYY') HIREDATE
3 FROM
emp;
ENAME
HIREDATE
---------- ----------------KING
17 November 1981
BLAKE
1 May 1981
CLARK
9 June 1981
JONES
2 April 1981
MARTIN
28 September 1981
ALLEN
20 February 1981
...
14 rows selected.
3-30
Copyright
TO_CHAR Function with Numbers

TO_CHAR(number,
TO_CHAR(number, 'fmt')
'fmt')
Use these formats with the TO_CHAR

function to display a number value as a
character:
3-31
9
0
Represents a number
Forces a zero to be displayed
Places a floating dollar sign
L
.
,
Uses the floating local currency symbol

Prints a decimal point
Prints a thousand indicator
Copyright
Using TO_CHAR Function

with Numbers
SQL> SELECT
2 FROM
3 WHERE
TO_CHAR(sal,'$99,999') SALARY
emp
ename = 'SCOTT';
SALARY
-------$3,000
3-32
Copyright
TO_NUMBER and TO_DATE

Functions
Convert a character string to a number
format using the TO_NUMBER function
TO_NUMBER(char[,
TO_NUMBER(char[, 'fmt'])
'fmt'])
Convert a character string to a date

format using the TO_DATE function
TO_DATE(char[,
TO_DATE(char[, 'fmt'])
'fmt'])
3-33
Copyright
RR Date Format
Current Year
1995
1995
2001
2001
Specified Date
27-OCT-95
27-OCT-17
27-OCT-17
27-OCT-95
RR Format
1995
2017
2017
1995
YY Format
1995
1917
2017
2095
If the specified two-digit year is:

If two digits
of the
current
year are:
3-34
049
5099
049
The return date is in

the current century
5099
The return date is

in the century after
the current one

the century before
the current one
the current century
Copyright
NVL Function
Converts null to an actual value
Datatypes that can be used are date,
character, and number.
Datatypes must match
NVL(comm,0)
NVL(hiredate,'01-JAN-97')
NVL(job,'No Job Yet')
3-35
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Using the NVL Function

SQL> SELECT ename, sal, comm, (sal*12)+NVL(comm,0)
2 FROM
emp;
ENAME
SAL
COMM (SAL*12)+NVL(COMM,0)
---------- --------- --------- -------------------KING
5000
60000
BLAKE
2850
34200
CLARK
2450
29400
JONES
2975
35700
MARTIN
1250
1400
16400
ALLEN
1600
300
19500
...
14 rows selected.
3-36
Copyright
NVL2(expr1,expr2,expr3)
If exp1 is not null it returns exp2
If exp1 is null it returns exp3
Example:
Select nvl2(comm,comm+sal,sal) from
emp
3-37
Copyright
NULLIF(expr1,expr2)
Compares 2 expressions and returns null
if they are equal or the first expression if
they are not equal.
Example:
Select
ename,length(ename),job,length(job),
NULLIF(ename,job) from emp;
3-38
Copyright
Coalesce(expr1,expr2..exprn)
Shows the first not null expressions
Example:
Select coalesce(comm,sal,job) from emp;
3-39
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CASE Expressions
Example:
Select ename,job,sal,
Case job when ANALYST then sal+1500
when CLERK then sal+2000
when MANAGER then sal+2500
Else
Sal
End Revised Salary from emp;
3-40
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Case Expression
Select ename,job,sal,
Case sal when 1000 then sal+1500
when 5000 then sal+2000
when 3000 then sal+2500
End "Revised Salary" from emp
3-41
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DECODE Function
Facilitates conditional inquiries by doing
the work of a CASE or IF-THEN-ELSE
statement
DECODE(col/expression,
DECODE(col/expression, search1,
search1, result1
result1
[,
[, search2,
search2, result2,...,]
result2,...,]
[,
[, default])
default])
3-42
Copyright
Using the DECODE Function

SQL> SELECT job, sal,
2
DECODE(job, 'ANALYST', SAL*1.1,
3
'CLERK',
SAL*1.15,
4
'MANAGER', SAL*1.20,
5
SAL)
6
REVISED_SALARY
7 FROM
emp;
JOB
SAL REVISED_SALARY
--------- --------- -------------PRESIDENT
5000
5000
MANAGER
2850
3420
MANAGER
2450
2940
...
14 rows selected.
3-43
Copyright
Using the DECODE Function

Display the applicable tax rate for each
employee in department 30.
SQL> SELECT ename, sal,
2
DECODE(TRUNC(sal/1000, 0),
3
0, 0.00,
4
1, 0.09,
5
2, 0.20,
6
3, 0.30,
7
4, 0.40,
8
5, 0.42,
9
6, 0.44,
10
0.45) TAX_RATE
11 FROM
emp
12 WHERE
deptno = 30;
3-44
Copyright
Finding range using decode

Select sal,decode(sal, least(sal,1200),sal*2,
least(sal,1600),sal*3,least(sal,2000),sal*4,
Least(sal,5000),sal*4,sal) from emp;
Select
sal,decode(greatest(sal,1000),least(sal,1300),
sal*2,sal) c1,
decode(greatest(sal,1500),least(sal,2000),
sal*3,sal) c2 from emp;
3-45
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Nesting Functions
Single-row functions can be nested to
any level.
Nested functions are evaluated from
deepest level to the least-deep level.
F3(F2(F1(col,arg1),arg2),arg3)
Step 1 = Result 1
Step 2 = Result 2
Step 3 = Result 3
3-46
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Nesting Functions
SQL> SELECT
2
3 FROM
4 WHERE
ename,
NVL(TO_CHAR(mgr),'No Manager')
emp
mgr IS NULL;
ENAME
NVL(TO_CHAR(MGR),'NOMANAGER')
---------- ----------------------------KING
No Manager
3-47
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Summary
Use functions to do the following:
Perform calculations on data
Modify individual data items
Manipulate output for groups of rows
Alter date formats for display
Convert column datatypes
3-48
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Practice Overview
Creating queries that require the use of numeric, character, and date functions
Using concatenation with functions
Writing case-insensitive queries to test the usefulness of character functions
Performing calculations of years and months of service for an employee
Determining the review date for an employee
3-49
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Chapter 03 - Single-Row Functions

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3

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Two Types of SQL Functions

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Case Conversion Functions

LOWER('SQL Course') sql course

INITCAP('SQL Course') Sql Course

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Using Case Conversion Functions

empno, ename, deptno

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Character Manipulation Functions

CONCAT('Good', 'String') GoodString

Trim(S from SSMITH)

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Using the Character

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

MOD(1600, 300) 100

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Using the ROUND Function

ROUND(45.923,2) ROUND(45.923,0) ROUND(45.923,-1)

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Using the TRUNC Function

SQL> SELECT TRUNC(45.923,2), TRUNC(45.923),

TRUNC(45.923,2) TRUNC(45.923) TRUNC(45.923,-1)

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Using the MOD Function

ename, sal, comm, MOD(sal, comm)

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Working with Dates

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Arithmetic with Dates

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Using Arithmetic Operators

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Add calendar months to

Next day of the date

Last day of the month

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Using Date Functions

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Using Date Functions

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Implicit Datatype Conversion

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Implicit Datatype Conversion

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Explicit Datatype Conversion

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

TO_CHAR Function with Dates

The format model:

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Elements of Date Format Model

Full year in numbers

Year spelled out

Two-digit value for month

Full name of the month